感知即幻觉:大脑如何构建现实与自我
我们对世界的感知(Perception: 我们如何解读和理解周围世界的过程)以及自我意识,在某种意义上是一种建构(Construct: 由大脑创建或形成的心理模型或现实),是大脑为我们创造的现实。认识到这一点并非意味着现实不存在,而是强调了我们的大脑在塑造和过滤信息方面扮演着关键角色。这种“构建性”也带来了一个机会:我们可以对大脑如何感知世界产生一定的影响,而力量就蕴藏于此。
我们的感知主要由两部分构成:一是我们“期望”什么,这源自我们过去的经验,是内在的;二是外部传入大脑的信息。当这两者结合时,便形成了我们实际体验到的感知。
内在声音(Inner Voice: 通过语言进行自我反思的内在能力)是我们能够静默地运用语言来反思生活的独特能力,它为我们提供了生存优势,是一个不可思议的解决问题设备。它让我们意识到,我们有能力改变自己的轨迹和想法,能够扩展我们所处的“思维之箱”(perception box),拓展我们对自身在世界中的定位的认知。
我们的思想结构由先前的经验塑造。随着神经元连接的形成和生活经历的累积,大脑会经历一个“修剪”过程:强化重要的连接,让不重要的连接逐渐消退,从而形成更明确的结构。大脑会持续不断地处理我们潜意识中的信息,这些信息会影响我们的行为。
在任何时刻,我们所意识到的事物都会影响我们感知到的内容以及我们记住的事物。例如,如果处于消极的心态(negative headspace),我们更容易感知到环境中的消极事物;反之,即使环境完全相同,积极的心态(positive headspace)也会让我们感知到更多积极的事物。
因此,正念(Mindfulness: 对当下体验(包括想法、感受和环境)的有意识的觉察)意味着大脑主动控制我们所关注的内容、接收的信息以及对世界的反应方式。理解我们都生活在各自的“感知之箱”中,这能激发我们去努力发展对他人的同理心(empathy),理解他们也生活在各自的感知世界里。我们每个人都是不断进步的作品,直到生命的最后一刻,总有改变的空间,没有什么是一成不变的。
Original English
Knowing that our perception is an illusion, our sense of self is illusion. All of it is illusion in the sense that it's a construct of our brain, our brain is creating this for us. And given that, that's an opportunity because we can have some control over how our brain perceives the world, and that's where the power lies. Our perceptions are basically formed from a combination of what we expect, so that's coming internally from our past experiences. And then what's coming into our brain externally. And when those two things meet, it creates this perception, which is what we actually experience. Your inner voice is your ability to silently use language to reflect on your life. Provides us with a survival advantage. It’s an incredible problem-solving device. I realized that we have this ability to change our trajectory and change our thoughts. And we can expand the box that we're in. We can expand our perception of who we are in the world. Our mind are shaped by our prior experience. So as these neurons start forming connections, and as you go through life and have experiences, it's a pruning process. So it's actually strengthening the important connections and allowing the other unimportant connections to kind of wither away. And then you start to develop a more defined structure. There's this constant interplay between things that our brain processes unconsciously that informs our behavior. So what you're conscious of at any moment can affect what you perceive and what you remember as well. So if you're in a negative headspace, you're going to start perceiving more negative things in your environment. If you're in a positive headspace, you're going to perceive more positive things, even though the environment may be exactly the same. So being mindful is your brain controlling what you're attending to and also controlling what you're taking in, and how you're reacting to the world. The more you can understand and also knowing that you live within a certain kind of perceptual box, can create potentially the impetus for you to develop or try to work on developing more empathy for others who are living inside their own perception boxes. We're all a work in progress until our very last breath, and there's always room for change. Nothing is set in stone.内在声音:洞察力的双刃剑
许多人转向内心,试图构建一种解释自身经历的叙事,以此来塑造我们的自我认知和身份(identity: 我们对“我是谁”的认知和感觉)。
内在声音(Inner Voice: 通过语言进行自我反思的内在能力)是我们所谓的“言语工作记忆系统”(Verbal Working Memory System: 用于处理和存储语言信息以进行思维活动的高阶认知系统)的一部分。它使我们能够进行模拟和规划,控制自身行为,并最终帮助我们“故事化”(storify)我们的生活,赋予生命意义。
然而,内在声音也有其阴暗面,即所谓的“杂音”(Chatter: 以反刍、担忧和灾难化为特征的负面、侵入性自我对话)。当我们转向内心试图理解问题时,若不加以控制,就可能陷入反刍(ruminating: 反复思考负面想法)、担忧(worrying: 对未来不确定性感到焦虑)和灾难化(catastrophising: 倾向于将小问题想象成大灾难)的泥沼,而非找到解决方案。这种负面循环将我们拥有的这个了不起的工具——内在声音——变成了一种诅咒,而非祝福。
好消息是,存在一套基于科学的工具包,可以帮助我们重新掌控内在声音。仪式(Rituals: 通过每次以相同方式执行相同行为序列来获得秩序感和控制感的实践)就是其中一种方法。通过每次以相同的方式执行相同的行为序列,我们可以获得一种秩序感和控制感,这在被杂音困扰时尤为宝贵。真正的挑战在于,我们要找出最适合自己的独特工具组合,以应对因人而异的杂音类型。
Original English
Many of us turn our attention inward to come up with some narrative that explains our experiences in ways that give shape to our understanding of who we are, our identity. Our inner voice is part of what we call our “verbal working memory system”. Our inner voice also lets us simulate and plan, control ourselves, and then finally, the inner voice helps us storify our lives. Chatter refers to the dark side of the inner voice. When we turn our attention inward to make sense of our problems we don’t end up finding solutions, we end up ruminating, worrying, catastrophising. We get stuck in a negative cycle that takes this remarkable tool that we possess, this inner voice, and it turns it into a curse rather than a blessing. The good news is there is a science-based toolkit that you can use to regain control of your inner voice. Rituals are one way to do that. By engaging the same sequence of behaviors every time, the same way, that’s giving you a sense of order and control that can feel really good when you’re mired in chatter. The real challenge is to figure out what are the unique combinations of tools that work best for you, given the unique kinds of chatter that you’re experiencing.身份的塑造:观察、偏见与重塑
我们关于自身的叙事,很大程度上受到了环境和成长经历的影响。我们拥有“观察性知识”(Observational Knowledge: 通过观察他人及其行为结果获得的知识),这意味着我们在成长的关键时期,通过观察身边的人来了解世界是如何运作的。
但观察性知识有其另一面。有时,我们看到同伴或父母高度批评自己,于是我们也学会了自我批评。或者,父母可能会强化某种特定的负面叙事,这会将我们框定在一种固定型思维(Fixed Mindset: 认为个人能力和智力是固定不变的信念)中,使我们在成年后不愿跳出被定义的边界。
人类确实存在“负面偏见”(Negativity Bias: 相比正面信息,更倾向于关注和重视负面信息的心理倾向),即我们感知和重视负面信息的能力要强于正面信息。这种偏见会特别凸显我们对自己的负面评价和消极叙事。如果放任不管,它会形成一套观看世界的模板,并被大脑视为“正常”。
尽管我们的想法力量巨大,但我们可以利用这一点来优势化,积极地塑造自己想要的正面叙事。通过关注“小胜利”(small wins: 持续积累的微小成功,用于改变认知模式),我们可以开始照亮不同于以往的、更积极的未来结果。
只有当我们有意识地关注并介入这些根深蒂固的模式时,改变才可能发生。因为大脑的本能是优化能量消耗,并重复那些已被“固化”(ingrained)的模式。因此,当我们打破这些自动化的模式,我们就掌握了“方向盘”。我们认识到“事情通常是这样发生的”,“这是我(或父母)给我自己设定的那个箱子”,但我们可以选择改变它。通过这种方式,我们开始重塑和调整我们的“感知之箱”,改变我们看待自己的方式,以及我们认为他人如何看待我们的方式。