--- author: TED date: '2026-10-22' guest: '' layout: post.njk source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j11fPNKe5mY speaker: TED tags: - refugee-education - trauma-healing - play-based-learning - cultural-identity - early-childhood-development title: 走进人道主义游戏实验室：用本土文化游戏疗愈难民儿童 summary: 2017年罗兴亚种族灭绝爆发后，大批难民涌入孟加拉国科克斯巴扎尔。非政府组织BRAC的教育专家埃鲁姆·玛丽亚姆发现，外来的益智玩具无法触动创伤中的孩子，唯有源自罗兴亚自身传统的游戏、童谣与艺术，才能唤醒孩子们的自信、勇气与快乐。通过创建人道主义游戏实验室，这一模式有效疗愈了数万名受创儿童，并正向更多难民营拓展。 insight: '' draft: true series: '' category: psychology area: society-thinking project: [] people: [] companies_orgs: - BRAC products_models: [] media_books: [] status: evergreen --- ### 难民营危机与游戏的疗愈力量 2017年8月，缅甸的种族灭绝在一夜之间爆发。军方屠杀罗兴亚人，焚烧他们的村庄。这是对罗兴亚人种族清洗的一部分。逃出来的男女如今正成群涌入边境，背上背着婴儿和幼童。在四个月内，超过85万人挤进了孟加拉国一个叫科克斯巴扎尔的小镇的难民营中。
Original English In August 2017, the genocide in Myanmar had exploded overnight. The military were killing Rohingya people, setting their villages on fire. This was part of the ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya people. The women and men who had escaped were now flooding across the border, carrying infants and young children on their backs. Within four months, over 850,000 people crammed into refugee camps in Bangladesh, in a town called Cox's Bazar.
我是孟加拉人，住在达卡。我的职业生涯一直致力于确保儿童在生活陷入一片混乱时依然能够玩耍。通过全球最大的非政府组织BRAC，我从事儿童工作至今已有三十多年。当数以千计的罗兴亚难民陆续抵达孟加拉国时，我接到了BRAC同事打来的紧急电话。他告诉我必须去科克斯巴扎尔的难民营看一看，了解一下孩子们的情况。
Original English I am Bangladeshi, and I live in Dhaka. I have spent my career working to make sure children have access to play when everything else in their lives has been in chaos. I have worked with children for over three decades now through BRAC, the world's largest NGO. While the Rohingya refugees were arriving by the thousands in Bangladesh, I got an urgent call from my BRAC colleague. He told me I had to go visit the refugee camps in Cox's Bazar and see how the children were doing.
我想到了那些孩子经历了多少苦难。他们目睹了任何孩子都不该看到的事情。我曾纳闷他们究竟要怎样才能复原。我相信游戏或许能帮助他们重新找回失去的东西：他们的文化和归属感。我相信游戏能够疗愈他们。随着时间的推移，我们发现能帮助他们疗愈的，并不仅仅是随便哪种游戏，而恰恰是源自他们自身罗兴亚文化的游戏，帮助他们在被暴力强行剥夺家园之后，感受到了自豪，重获了自信，并体会到了快乐。
Original English I thought about how much those kids had been through. They saw things that no child should ever see. I wondered how would they ever recover. I believed play might help them reconnect with what they lost: their culture and their sense of home. I believed play might heal them. And what we discovered over time was that it was not just any kind of play that would help them heal. It was specifically play from their own Rohingya culture that helped them feel pride, gain confidence and experience joy after being violently forced to leave behind their home.
### 从错位的拼字游戏到罗兴亚传统 所以我回到最初。在那通2017年的电话之后，我前往了科克斯巴扎尔的难民营。援助人员为孩子们设立了安全空间。我发现孩子们在画作中画了枪支。这并不罕见，但我看到了让我吃惊的一幕。有人给孩子们捐赠了拼字游戏（Scrabble）和乌诺牌（Uno）。这是一份慷慨的心意，但孩子们以前从未见过这些游戏。他们不懂规则，也不会说相应的语言。就连成年引导员也不知道该怎么玩。他们正把拼字积木拼成各种图案，因为在他们看来这才是合乎逻辑的做法。
Original English So I'll go back to the beginning. After that phone call in 2017, I traveled to the camps in Cox's Bazar. Aid workers had set up safe spaces for the children. I found children drawing guns in their art. That was not unusual, but I saw something that surprised me. Someone had donated Scrabble sets and Uno cards for the children. It was a generous gesture, but the children had never seen these games before. They didn’t know the rules. They didn’t speak the language. Even the adult facilitators didn't know how to play. They were arranging the Scrabble tiles into patterns because that's what made sense to them.
站在那里，我想，一定有更好的办法。这些孩子原本习惯了有树有花的开阔空间，而现在却和上百万人一起挤在难民营里。每一个庇护所都像是由前一个复制粘贴而来：竹架、铁皮屋顶、抵挡季风雨的蓝黑色塑料防水布。空气中弥漫着死水和人类排泄物的气味。但孩子们从未抱怨过，也没有表现出沮丧的迹象。相反，有些孩子只是变得孤僻退缩，有些则躁动不安。有些既不愿和同伴交流，也不愿与大人接触。目睹这些令人心痛，但这正是经历过如此极端环境的儿童的典型表现。然而，即便是那些孤僻的孩子，在以某种特定方式玩耍时——以罗兴亚人的方式玩耍时——也会活泼起来，流露出更多的快乐。
Original English Standing there, I thought, there's got to be a better way. These kids were used to wide-open spaces with trees and flowers, and now they were crammed into a refugee camp with a million other people. Every shelter was a copy-paste of the next: bamboo frames, tin roof, blue and black plastic tarp held back the monsoon rain. The air smelled like still water and human waste. But none of the kids ever complained. And there were no signs of frustration. Instead, some kids were just withdrawn. Others were restless. Some wouldn't engage with kids or with adults. This was painful to watch, but typical of kids who have gone through such extreme conditions. But even the kids who were withdrawn would come alive and express more joy when they were playing in a certain way: the Rohingya way.
### 构建“人道主义游戏实验室” 因此在接下来的几个月里，我们观察他们，并提出了很多问题：“你们在缅甸玩什么？”“怎么玩的？”“你们怎么装饰家里？”“为什么？”“那代表什么意义？”孩子们、父母、祖父母和兄弟姐妹向我们展示并讲述。从孩子们那里，我们听到了祖父母讲的故事，听到了兄弟姐妹熟记于心的童谣，看到了父母小时候玩的身体对抗游戏，并看着他们制作传统的罗兴亚艺术品——就是那种在老家每家每户都会挂在墙上的艺术品。
Original English So for the next few months, we watched them and we asked lots of questions. What did you play in Myanmar? How did you play it? How did you decorate your home? Why? What does it mean? Children, parents, grandparents and siblings would show and tell us. From the kids, we heard the stories their grandparents told. We heard rhymes that their siblings knew by heart. We watched physical games that their parents did when they were little, and we watched them make traditional Rohingya art, the kind of art that would be hanging in every household back home.
由此，我们建立了现在被称为“人道主义游戏实验室”（Humanitarian Play Lab）的空间：这是为三到五岁孩子打造的温馨小空间，由罗兴亚社区亲手装饰，天花板上悬挂着手工刺绣布艺，墙上挂着描绘花朵、家园与动物的艺术画——这些画面是孩子们在被迫离弃的生活中所熟悉的身影。每个游戏实验室都由年轻的罗兴亚女性引导，她们每天花长达五个小时纯粹陪孩子们玩耍。每个游戏实验室还配有其他接受过心理社会支持培训的女性，帮助孩子们管理情绪。
Original English And from that, we built what we now call the “Humanitarian Play Lab:” small welcoming spaces for kids three to five, decorated by the Rohingya community itself, with hand-embroidered cloth hanging from the ceiling and artwork of flowers and homes and animals, images that the children recognize from a life they were forced to leave behind. Each Play Lab is facilitated by young Rohingya women, who spend up to five hours simply playing with the kids. Each Play Lab is also supported by other women trained in psychosocial support to help kids manage their emotions.
上午九点，那些孩子离开家，穿过狭窄的通道走向游戏实验室。只需三分钟，他们就在难民营内部步入了一个截然不同的世界。一位罗兴亚女性，也就是他们的游戏引导员，迎接30名幼童。她问道：“大家今天好吗？我们都还好吗？在这里，我们就像朋友和兄弟姐妹。在家里，要尊敬年长者，爱护年幼者。”接着她问：“谁想领诵童谣？”一个孩子走上前领头。小手举起，身体摇摆。他们齐声念诵、玩耍、跳跃、咯咯笑、听故事、画画。
Original English At 9am, those kids leave their home to walk to the Play Lab through narrow passageways. It takes them only three minutes to step into a different world while still in the camp. A Rohingya woman, their play facilitator, greets 30 young children. She asks, "How are we today? Are we all OK? Here we are, like friends and siblings. At home, respect those who are older and love those younger." Then she asks, "Who wants to lead the rhyme?" One child steps forward to lead. Hands are up, bodies move. They chant, they play, they jump, they giggle, they listen to stories, they draw.
### 跳绳女孩努尔的故事 其中一个女孩叫努尔（Noor）。努尔刚满八岁。五年前，努尔营养不良、性格孤僻且胆怯。她身体虚弱，长期腹泻。当努尔三岁开始来到游戏实验室时，她只是静静坐着，在一旁看着。后来，她从引导员那里学会了绳子游戏。她玩的是一种传统的罗兴亚游戏：两个孩子拉起一根长绳来回翻甩，而努尔一边跃过绳子不碰到它，一边在跳跃的同时念诵童谣。她注视着绳子，控制着脚步，嘴里的词句连绵不断，所有这一切同时进行。
Original English One of the girls is Noor. Noor is just eight years old. Five years ago, Noor was undernourished, withdrawn and shy. She was physically weak with continuous diarrhea. When Noor started coming to the Play Lab at the age of three, she sat quietly. She watched. Then she learned the rope game from the facilitator. The game she plays is a traditional Rohingya one. Two kids hold a long rope, flipping it back and forth, while Noor leaps over it without touching it, reciting a rhyme while she's jumping. She's tracking the rope, she's controlling her feet and she keeps the words coming, all at once.
努尔一直不停地玩。随着游戏的进行，她变得越来越强壮。她的母亲注意到努尔变得没那么胆怯了，更有自信了；而一旦努尔掌握了技巧，母亲便鼓励她，让她跳得更高、更远、更大胆。看着她跳绳，你会有一瞬间忘记自己身在何处。她不仅是在跳，她是在飞翔。现在努尔手里拿着一根绳子在营区里走来走去，以防万一找到能跳跃的空间。对陌生人说话她可能仍有些害羞，但在任何观众面前她都会毫不犹豫地跳起来。对于一个曾经淹没在背景里的孩子来说，这绝非一件小事。努尔的母亲小时候也玩过这个游戏。“这不是孟加拉游戏，”她说，“我们罗兴亚人叫它‘Rosi Fal Doní’。这让我的女儿变得更坚强。她不再害怕了。她有了勇气。”
Original English Noor kept playing. As she played, she became stronger. Her mother noticed that Noor became less shy and [more] confident, and once Noor learned it, her mother encouraged her, telling her to jump higher, go further, be bolder. When you watch her jump rope, you forget for a moment where you are. She doesn't just jump. She flies. Now Noor walks around the camp with a rope in her hand, just in case she finds a space to jump. She may still be shy to speak to strangers, but she will jump in front of any audience. That's not a small thing for a kid who used to fade into the background. Noor's mother played this game as a girl. "This is not a Bangladeshi game," she says. "We Rohingya call this 'Rosi Fal Doní.' This has made my daughter stronger. She's not scared anymore. She has courage."
### 人体跷跷板穆罕默德与童谣领诵者图希努尔 接着是穆罕默德（Muhammad）。穆罕默德大约七岁。他和父母以及四个兄弟姐妹住在一起，在街坊邻里间被称为“跷跷板男孩”。这个游戏并不是我们所想象的那种跷跷板。罗兴亚跷跷板是两个孩子像杂技演员一样双腿互相缠绕，一起摇摆，上下起伏。在游戏实验室里，他学到了比游戏中保持平衡的技能更为重要的东西。穆罕默德懂得在玩跷跷板游戏时必须小心翼翼，稍有不慎另一个孩子就会受伤。孩子们学会了先顾及别人的身体，再顾及自己的身体。因此他宁愿不和小孩子一起玩，不是因为他不想，而是担心自己的力气会弄伤他们。
Original English Then there is Muhammad. Muhammad is about seven years old. He lives with his parents and four siblings, and he is known as the seesaw boy in his neighborhood. This game is not the seesaw that we imagine. The Rohingya seesaw is where two kids wrap their legs around each other like acrobats and swing together, going up and down. At the Play Lab, he learned something that was even more important than the skill to balance during the game. Muhammad learned that he needs to be careful while playing the seesaw game. One wrong move and the other kid will get hurt. Children learn to pay attention to someone else's body before their own. So he prefers not to play with the younger kids, not because he doesn't want to, but because he is concerned that he might hurt them because of his strength.
玩耍教会了他去顾及他人的感受。他变得更能体谅母亲和弟弟妹妹。当他在学校领到饼干时，他选择把饼干带给弟弟妹妹；他还会打扫屋子、刷洗锅具，好让母亲能休息一会儿。他希望将来能成为一名教师。
Original English Playing taught him to pay attention to how others might feel. He became more thoughtful of his mother and his younger siblings. When he gets biscuits in school, he chooses to bring [them] for his younger siblings instead, and he cleans the house and washes the pots so that his mother can get some rest. He hopes to be a teacher someday.
现在我们来聊聊图希努尔（Tuhinur）。图希努尔今年四岁。在她两岁时，她既害羞又安静。其他孩子嘲笑她，叫她“Fuli”，意思是胖子。她从不反驳，只是对着母亲默默流泪。她的母亲亚斯敏（Yasmin）曾担心不知该如何把女儿培养得更自信坚定。当亚斯敏成为游戏实验室的引导员后，她带着图希努尔一起来。很快，亚斯敏注意到图希努尔总是第一个举手去领诵“卡比亚”（Kabia）——这是一种伴有手势和身体动作的传统罗兴亚童谣。图希努尔记住了整首童谣，学会了何时以及如何移动身体，以及何时和如何加入手势。
Original English Now let's talk about Tuhinur. Tuhinur is four years old. As a two-year-old, she was shy and quiet. Other children teased her and called her Fuli, meaning fat. She never responded. She cried silently to her mother. Her mother, Yasmin, worried how she would raise her daughter to be more assertive. When Yasmin became a facilitator at the Play Lab, she brought Tuhinur with her. Soon, Yasmin noticed that Tuhinur would be the first to raise her hand to lead the Kabia, a traditional Rohingya rhyme with hand movements and body gestures. Tuhinur learned the entire rhyme and when and how to move her body and when and how to add hand movements.
她现在负责领诵卡比亚。她站在最前方，用清晰响亮的声音背诵词句，舞动手臂和身姿，其他孩子跟着她一起做。跟着她的人有些比她还要年长，但她似乎毫不在意。领诵卡比亚意味着要做到尽善尽美，好让其他人能够学习和跟随。她在三岁时就成了领诵者。图希努尔非常热爱领诵这首童谣，以至于晚上还会对着竹墙上的影子练习并与影子共舞。亚斯敏说图希努尔现在很大胆，再也没有人敢嘲弄她了。
Original English She now leads the Kabia. She stands at the front, reciting the words in a clear, loud voice and moving her hand and body in a way that the other kids follow. Some of those following her are older. She doesn't seem to notice. Leading the Kabia meant doing this perfectly so that others could learn and follow. She became the lead at age three. Tuhinur loves leading the rhyme so much that she will practice at night with her shadow on the bamboo wall and dance with it. Yasmin says Tuhinur is bold and no one can tease her anymore.
### 让每一个孩子拥有玩自身游戏的权利 这些仅仅是少数几个例子。自2017年以来，我们一直在运营游戏实验室，在科克斯巴扎尔建立的350个人道主义游戏实验室已覆盖了50,000名儿童。我们还在乌干达的犀牛（Rhino）难民营采用了这种方法。过去五年里我们一直在推进这项工作，未来将扩大规模并设立150个游戏实验室，覆盖乌干达的63,000名儿童。
Original English These are just a few examples, and we've been running the Play Lab since 2017, reaching 50,000 children across 350 humanitarian Play Labs in Cox's Bazar. We've also used this approach in the Rhino refugee camp in Uganda. We've been working on it for the last five years and will be scaling and setting up 150 Play Labs, reaching 63,000 children in Uganda.
我相信这项工作真正至关重要。游戏实验室帮助孩子们做好自信而自豪地步入学校的准备。现在我去营地走访时，家长们会说“Shukriya”，也就是谢谢，感谢我们认可了罗兴亚人自己的游戏。这里的孩子们并没有选择成为难民，他们并没有选择离弃自己的家园和属于他们的地方。但通过游戏，我们帮助他们重新找回了自己的文化——罗兴亚文化。而在这一过程中，他们向我们展现了非凡的力量：即使身处如此陌生的境地，他们依然有能力找到自信、快乐和自豪。这是每个孩子都应享有的权利，绝不仅仅属于科克斯巴扎尔的孩子。世界各地的每一个孩子，都理应享有玩属于自己文化的游戏的权利。谢谢大家。
Original English I believe this work really matters. The Play Lab helps children to get ready to enter school feeling confident and proud. When I visit the camp now, parents say “Shukriya,” or thank you, for recognizing Rohingya play. The children here didn't choose to be refugees. They didn't choose to leave behind their home and where they belonged. But through play, we’ve helped them rediscover their own culture -- the Rohingya culture. And in doing so, they showed us something extraordinary: their ability to find confidence, joy and pride, even when a place is so unfamiliar. And that is something that every child deserves, not just the children in Cox's Bazar. Every child everywhere deserves the right to play their own play. Thank you.