--- author: Big Think date: '2026-10-26' guest: '' layout: post.njk source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBr-dz44Bwo speaker: Big Think tags: - perception - color-vision - emotion - self-control - karma title: 视觉感知的关系性本质与现实构建的责任 summary: 文章提出颜色等感知并非物体的固有属性，而是外部信号、感受器与大脑处理三者关系的产物。这种关系现实主义表明人类参与了现实的构建，并将控制与责任延伸至情绪理解、行为选择以及人际应对中。 insight: '' draft: true series: '' category: psychology area: society-thinking project: [] people: [] companies_orgs: [] products_models: [] media_books: [] status: evergreen --- ### 玫瑰的红色是客观存在的吗？ 这朵玫瑰客观上是红色的吗？这是什么类型的问题？它看起来像是一朵红玫瑰。看起来红色是玫瑰本身固有的属性。因此，我想提出的是，红色以及你体验到的每一种其他颜色，都不是物体的固有属性。它是物体发出的信号、你视网膜上的受体以及你大脑中的信号之间关系的属性。也就是说，玫瑰在现实中确实是红色的，但这种现实是关系性的。因此，如果像颜色这样基本的事物向我们揭示，我们在某种程度上参与了现实的构建，而现实并非仅仅摆在那里供我们以或多或少带有偏见的方式去体验，那么这意味着，对于现实的所有特征，我们拥有比我们自以为更多的控制权和更多的责任。这是一个非常有力的认知。
Original English Is this rose objectively red? What kind of a question is that? It looks like it's a red rose. It looks like redness is inherent to the rose itself. So what I'm going to suggest is that red and every other color that you experience is not an inherent property of an object. It's a property of the relationship between the signals coming off the object, the receptors in your retina, and the signals in your brain. Meaning, the rose is in reality red, but that reality is relational. So if it's the case that something as basic as color reveals to us that we, in part, contribute to reality, it's not just out there for us to experience in a more or less biased way, then that means that for all features of reality, we have more control and more responsibility than we might think we do. And that is a really powerful piece of knowledge.
### 视觉感知的关系性本质 人类视网膜中通常有三种受体，负责接收和处理来自这朵玫瑰的信号。因此，我们看到花瓣是红色的，叶子和茎是绿色的。请考虑这样一个事实：有些动物只有两种类型的视锥细胞，比如狗或公牛。它们会将花瓣体验为一种浑浊的棕色。我们会说，你知道，玫瑰客观上是红色的，而狗只是看不见它。对于人类，我们也会说类似的话。有些人类只有两种类型的视锥细胞，他们缺失的那种视锥细胞导致他们将玫瑰体验为一种棕绿色。我们会说他们是色盲，就像狗和公牛一样。
Original English Humans typically have three kinds of receptors in their retina that receive and process the signals coming off this rose. So we see the petals as red, we see the leaves and the stem as green. So consider the fact that some animals only have two types of cones, like a dog or a bull. They would experience the petals as a muddy brown kind of color. So we would say, you know, the rose is objectively red and the dog just can't see it. And we would say something similar about humans, too. There are some humans who have only two types of cones, and the kind of cone they're missing leads them to experience the rose as kind of a brownish-green color. And we would say that they're colorblind, just like the dog and the bull.
那么，如果神经典型的人类拥有四种视锥细胞而不是三种呢？那么这朵玫瑰客观上就会是另一种颜色，而我们这些拥有三种视锥细胞的人就会是色盲。即使是我们认为是客观现实的最基本方面，也植根于“外面存在的东西”和“里面存在的东西”之间的关系，这种关系创造了一种我们称之为现实的图式。
Original English So what if, neurotypically, humans had four cones instead of three? Then this rose would be objectively some other color, and those of us with three cones would be colorblind. Even the most basic aspects of what we take to be objective reality are rooted in the relationship between what is out there and what is in here, which create a pattern that we know is reality.
### 情绪表达与刻板印象 这对我们认为属于客观现实的其他特征意味着什么，比如愤怒？所谓的情绪普遍表达实际上是一种刻板印象。如果你对某人一无所知，你可能会猜测皱眉的情绪含义是愤怒，但任何信号的心理含义并不内在于信号本身。在西方文化中，人们生气时只有大约35%的时间会皱眉。如果你假设皱眉是愤怒的普遍表达，你就会错过65%的某人正在生气的情形。
Original English What does this mean about other features that we take to be part of objective reality, like anger? The so-called universal expressions of emotion are really stereotypes. If you know nothing about someone, you might guess that the emotional meaning of a scowl is anger, but the psychological meaning of any signal is not inherent in the signal. People in Western culture scowl about 35% of the time when they're angry. And if you assumed that a scowl was the universal expression of anger, you would miss 65% of the cases in which someone is angry.
### 记忆过去与感知控制 当你还是个小孩子时，你所做的事情的一部分是学习愤怒、悲伤、快乐和恐惧的模式。如果你哭了，或者你观察到别人在哭，并且这种体验被标记为愤怒，那么你就会将其学习为愤怒的一个实例。然后，这种体验会成为你记忆中的过去的一部分，成为你的感知盒的一部分。
Original English Part of what you did when you were a young child is that you learned patterns for anger, sadness, happiness, and fear. If you cried or you observed somebody else crying and that experience was labeled as anger, then you would learn that as an instance of anger. And then that experience would become part of your remembered past, part of your perception box.
理解到你拥有的每一次体验、采取的每一个行动，都是记忆中的过去与感官当下的结合，这赋予了你比你可能以为的更多的控制权，去掌控你的行动和体验。但这种控制并不真正看起来像你预期的那样。如果我饿了，现在是吃零食的时间，我在薯片和苹果之间有一个选择，对吧？关于自我控制的常规观念是，我会抑制对薯片的渴望，转而选择苹果。但关系现实主义的理念让我们意识到，还有其他形式的控制可供我们使用。
Original English Understanding that every experience you have, every action you take is a combination of the remembered past and the sensory present. It gives you more control than maybe you thought you had over your actions and experience. But that control doesn't really look the way you expect it to. If I'm hungry and it's snack time and I have a choice between potato chips and an apple, right, the conventional idea of self-control is that I will inhibit my desire for the potato chips and I will instead choose the apple. But the idea of relational realism brings home to us that there are other forms of control that are available to us.
例如，如果你培养吃许多种类苹果的习惯，学习关于苹果的知识，也许你会成为体验苹果方面的专家。因此，你的记忆中的过去发生了变化。所以，你更有可能选择苹果而不是薯片。归根结底，这意味着你对在特定时刻可供你利用的现实方面或特征，以及哪些不可利用，拥有更多的控制权。
Original English For example, if you cultivate eating many types of apples, learning about apples, maybe you become an expert at experiencing apples. And as a consequence, your remembered past changes. So you are more likely to choose the apple as opposed to the potato chips. Ultimately, this means you have more control over the aspects or features of reality that are available to you in a given moment and which ones are not.
### 责任与因果观念 当我们考虑其他人类时，这种控制也意味着更多的责任。你对待其他人类的方式在某种程度上会影响你周围其他人的行动。这就是因果（karma）的观念。因果是一个非常好的简化概念，用来表达这样一个想法：你在某种程度上拥有控制权，因此对你必须应对的世界负有部分责任。
Original English That control also implies more responsibility when we consider other humans. The way that you behave towards other humans in some ways influences the actions of other people around you. That is the notion of karma. And karma is a really good simplification for the idea that you are partly in control and therefore partly responsible for the world that you have to cope with.