--- author: TED date: '2026-09-14' guest: '' layout: post.njk source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYO9UbpEC9Y speaker: TED tags: - social-bravery - bystander-effect - collective-cruelty - zero-sum-mindset title: 霸凌是如何蔓延的，以及我们如何用“社会勇气”终结它 summary: 哈佛社会心理学家 Amy Cuddy 结合自身遭受学术霸凌的至暗经历，深度剖析了成人霸凌的心理机制与扩散路径。霸凌者的权力来自受众的纵容与借予，唯有通过践行微小且集体的“社会勇气”，打破沉默并拒绝以暴制暴，才能彻底重构社会规范与人际信任。 insight: '' draft: true series: '' category: psychology area: society-thinking project: [] people: [] companies_orgs: [] products_models: [] media_books: [] status: evergreen --- ### 爆红背后的学术围剿：从“高能量姿势”到至暗时刻 2012年，我站在 TED 的红色圆圈中，发表了一场关于社会心理学的演讲。当时我还是哈佛大学的一名初级教授，我分享了自己作为局外人的心路历程，探讨了我们如何提升自信，以及身体姿态如何深刻影响我们的内心感受。这场演讲迅速风靡全球，成为 TED 历史上播放量最高的演讲之一。这在极其美妙的层面上打开了我的世界，让我看到了人性中最明亮耀眼的光辉。然而紧接着，我也见识到了人性中最黑暗的一面——我沦为了一场旷日持久的**系统性学术霸凌**的目标。 发动攻击的并不是网络键盘侠——我早就学会了对键盘侠置之不理——而是我的同行、终身教授、系主任以及学术期刊的主编们。他们署上自己的真实姓名，年复一年地对我进行毫不留情的攻击。他们公开发表声明，指责我对“科学”一词毫无严肃概念，称我的学术观点愚蠢且反直觉，甚至污蔑我抛弃了学术界，靠向以女性为主的受众兜售伪科学来谋取暴利。他们精心炮制了一套虚假叙事，声称我们关于**高能量姿势**（Power Posing: 通过舒展身体形态增强个人力量感与自信的心理学机制）的研究已经被彻底证伪。 但事实绝非如此。我们关于高能量姿势的核心发现——即**身体姿态的舒展或收缩，会直接决定我们感受到的掌控感与自信心**——不仅没有被推翻，反而被全球各个独立实验室用更严谨的方法重复验证了数十次，甚至连质疑我们的学者也在其实验中得出了相同结果。多项涵盖近万名参与者、纳入88项研究的**元分析**（Meta-analysis: 对同一课题的多项独立研究进行统计合并分析的方法）均证实了这一结论：姿态的张弛确实会左右我们感受到的力量与无力。虽然具体的行为表现和激素变化更为复杂、且存在无法完全重复的情况，但按照学术常规，这本该引发建设性的友好探讨与科研合作，去寻找调节变量与边界条件。科学本应通过自我审视与质询来推进认知，但在我的案例中，科学不仅没有审视自身，反而扼杀了一名同时在刻板印象、偏见和群体关系领域成果丰硕的青年学者。 两位常春藤盟校的终身教授曾私下向《纽约时报》记者坦言，他们原本很想公开支持我，但由于害怕自己也沦为攻击目标而选择退缩。朋友们私信说：“看到你经历这些我感到非常难过，那些人太可怕了”，但在公开场合却对我避之不及。我陷入了食不下咽、夜不能寐的境地，全身心都被迫投入到抵御无休止的恶意攻击中，甚至无法好好陪伴我的丈夫和儿子。在距离评定终身教职仅剩一年时，我主动选择辞去了哈佛的职位——并非被迫，而是我清楚地意识到，继续留在那里意味着精神与尊严的必然毁灭。由于这种霸凌既是一场将你置于聚光灯下的公开羞辱，又是对你个人身份与学术价值的彻底抹杀，我曾两度尝试结束自己的生命。许多受害者未能幸存下来。在继续往下讲之前，我想对所有的霸凌受害者说：我理解你们，我看见了你们，我知道那些看似不可思议的残酷现实确实发生过。然而，这并不是一场关于绝望的演讲，而是一场关于**历经磨砺后的希望**（Earned Hope）的分享。
Original English My talk begins where my life nearly ended. In 2012, I stood in the red circle, and I gave a TED talk on social psychology. I was a junior professor at Harvard, and I spoke about feeling like an outsider. I spoke about how we lift our self-confidence and how our bodies affect the way we feel. The talk went viral online quickly and became one of the most viewed TED talks of all time. And that cracked my world open. In some beautiful ways. I saw the most luminous parts of people. And then I saw the darkest parts. When I became the target of a sustained bullying campaign. Not by trolls on the internet -- I learned to dismiss them quickly -- but by colleagues, by tenured professors, department chairs and journal editors who used their names -- their real names -- to attack me relentlessly, for many years. They publicly declared that I had no serious conception of the term science. That what I'd proposed was stupid and unintuitive. That I'd abandoned academia for a lucrative career selling pseudoscience to a mostly women audience. They created a narrative about our work on power posing that it had been debunked. But here's the thing. Our work on power posing hadn't been debunked. In fact, the central finding, the most important finding, was that our posture, how expansive or contractive it is, affects the way we feel, how powerful and confident we feel. It was replicated dozens of times in independent studies by labs all over the world, using better methods than those that we used, and even by our skeptics. In multiple meta-analyses, including one with 88 studies in nearly 10,000 participants, they landed on the same conclusion: Expansive versus contractive posture affects how powerful or powerless we feel. The behaviors and the hormones were more complicated, and there were non-replications. In the science that I was trained in by my dear advisor, that would have led to constructive and friendly inquiries, collaborations, to figure out what was different about these studies. Were there moderators that affected why you got this effect and we got this effect? Science should interrogate itself. That is how knowledge advances -- that should happen. But that's not what happened in my case. Science didn't interrogate itself. It stopped itself. And it silenced a scientist, a junior scientist, who also had a lot of other research on stereotyping and prejudice and intergroup relations. Two tenured Ivy League professors told a "New York Times" reporter that they would have defended me publicly had they not been afraid of becoming targets themselves. Friends wrote privately, "I'm so sorry this is happening to you. These guys are horrible." But wouldn't look at me publicly. I couldn't eat, I didn't sleep, I worked all the time defending myself from constant incoming attacks, non-stop, relentless. It was very hard to be present for my son and my husband. I'm sorry. And I chose to walk away from my job at Harvard a year before going up for tenure. Not because I was forced to, but because I knew that staying meant certain death. And so ... Eventually, I tried to take my own life twice, because this kind of bullying is simultaneously this horrible public spectacle of shame where you're in a spotlight. And at the same time, it's a total erasure of who you are and what you've done. Many targets don't survive. And I do want to say, before I go forward, to the targets: I understand. I see you, and I know that what seems incredible -- happened. But. This is not a talk about despair. This is a talk about earned hope.
### 霸凌的本质剖析：零和世界观与借来的权力 在从事社会心理学研究的25年中，我一直在探索影响人际对待与评价方式的深层力量；而在过去的8年里，我将全部精力聚焦于**集体残酷性**（Collective Cruelty: 群体在特定氛围下协同实施伤害的社会心理机制）是如何形成的——真相是如何被扭曲的，人们是如何决定将某个人彻底驱逐出群体的，以及更为重要的是，我们该如何在这些霸凌文化固化之前加以遏制。 研究表明，**霸凌绝非普通冲突**。它不是学术争鸣，不是建设性批评，也不是因为你过于敏感而承受不起的玩笑。霸凌是一种**由多人参与实施的、有明确目标的、连环发生且不断升级的恶意攻击**，其核心目的就是彻底摧毁一个人的声誉及其贡献社会的能力。它沿着可预测的阶段演进，最终通常以受害者被彻底剥夺发言权或彻底消失为结局。 值得强调的是，真正的**霸凌者实属少数**，绝大多数普通人都不是霸凌者。霸凌者拥有一个共同的底层心理特征——一种**扭曲的零和世界观**（Zero-sum Worldview: 认为资源和价值绝对稀缺、他人的获得即为自身损失的认知模式）。在他们的认知体系中，世界充满了敌意，人性本恶，一切有价值的事物都是极其匮乏的；你的任何成就都构成了他们的损失。他们对认可、社会地位以及支配权有着无法满足的病态渴望，并通过公开迫使一个有价值的目标彻底臣服，来证明自己的主导地位。在过去15年中，成人世界的霸凌现象呈上升趋势，数字平台更使霸凌变得更迅捷、更容易、更喧嚣，也让霸凌者的谎言得以长期留存。 要瓦解这种机制，首先必须认清一个事实：**霸凌者的权力本质上是借来的**。霸凌者极度依赖受众和同谋来推进他们的恶意议程。当我们冷眼旁观、保持沉默时，我们就成为了**被动旁观者**（Passive Bystanders）；当我们加入其中、跟风扩散并转发攻击言论时，我们便沦为了**帮凶霸凌者**（Accessory Bullies）。然而，一旦大众拒绝参与其中，孤立无援的霸凌者实际上是软弱无力的。失去围观者的支持与默许，霸凌者便毫无力量可言。
Original English I've been a social psychologist for 25 years, studying the forces that affect how we treat each other and judge each other. But I've spent the last eight focused on how cruelty becomes collective. How truth becomes distorted. How people decide that one person should be pushed out of the group. But also, more importantly, what are the things that we can do to prevent those cultures from taking hold before they harden. And what I've learned is this. First, bullying is not conflict. It's not a debate, it's not criticism, it's not humor that you're too sensitive to take well. It is a deliberately targeted, serial, escalating pattern of attacks carried out by multiple people, and it's intended to destroy a person's reputation and their ability to contribute. It unfolds in predictable stages. And it usually ends with someone being completely silenced or disappearing completely. This is really important. Bullies are rare. They're rare. Most of us are not bullies. Bullies share one thing: a worldview. In their worldview, the world is hostile, people are fundamentally bad, everything of value is scarce, it’s all zero-sum. Your achievement is their loss. They have an insatiable need for recognition and status and dominance, and they prove their dominance by publicly demonstrating that they can force a target, a valuable target, to fully submit. That's what bullying is. Bullying has been on the rise among adults for the last 15 years. Digital platforms make bullying faster, easier, louder. And the bullies' lies last forever now. So ... What do we do? The first thing to understand is that bullies need us. Bullies need an audience. They need people to carry out their agenda. When we just watch and remain silent, we're what I call passive bystanders. When we join in and amplify and share an attack, we're what I call accessory bullies. But if we refuse our participation, a lone bully is impotent. Without us, a bully is impotent.
### 瓦解霸凌的关键：识别测试与践行“社会勇气” 要在霸凌形成气候前将其阻断，我们必须学会**敏锐捕捉早期危险信号**。如果能够在发酵初期及时介入，就能够彻底打乱霸凌者的推进节奏。这一过程通常始于**霸凌测试**（Bully Test: 霸凌者在发动全面攻击前用于试探周围人底线与反应的小规模越界行为）：霸凌者会试探环境与受众的反应，观察自己针对某人的攻击是否会被容忍或默许。这种测试可能表现为职场环境中一句极不妥当的贬损言论，或是针对某人提出的缺乏真凭实据却极具毁灭性的指控。如果我们听到这些试探却选择沉默不语甚至随声附和，就等于向霸凌者发出了“继续进攻”的通行信号，随之而来的便是全面攻击。 因此，我们必须在日常生活中积极践行**社会勇气**（Social Bravery: 在人际交往中甘冒微小的社交风险以维护他人、抵御不公的行为习惯）。挺身而出维护彼此、提供人际支持确实伴随着社交风险，正因如此，我们需要将这种风险**分摊到群体之中**。多个人共同行动的阻力远小于孤军奋战：当一名旁观者以清晰可感的方式介入制止时，其他旁观者也会受到鼓舞而跟进。关于社会规范变革的研究证实，**当大约25%的人选择站出来时，整个群体的社会规范就会发生彻底逆转**。霸凌从来不是受害者的个人遭遇，而是一个系统性的集体问题，完全可以通过集体的力量加以纠正。
Original English Second, we need to learn to spot the opening. When we get in early, we can totally derail this. It starts with what I call a “bully test.” The bully tests the audience to see if they can get away with bullying that person. It might be a really inappropriate comment in a professional setting, or it might be an accusation against someone that’s reputation-destroying, but not backed by evidence. When we hear those things and we stay silent or we laugh, we're just saying to the bully, "Go forward." And that's when they launch their attack. We also need to practice social bravery. These small risks that we take to defend each other, to support each other interpersonally. And social bravery is risky. So we need to distribute the risk across people. We need to do it together. It is so much easier for two people to do it than for one person to do it. When one bystander steps in, in a way that’s noticeable, others step in. And we know from research on changing social conventions that when about 25 percent of people step in, they can flip a social norm completely. Bullying is not a personal problem. It's a collective problem. And we can fix it.
### 拒绝以暴制暴：重构信任与互助的集体力量 在历时八年完成关于霸凌的新书并交付书稿后，我前往科罗拉多州的高原小城格里利（Greeley）发表演讲。当时那座城市正处于政治撕裂与高度紧绷的状态，现场弥漫着明显的戒备心理。在那场关于个人力量与人际信任的演讲尾声，主持人向我抛出了最后一个问题：“是否有哪一条你从未真正分享过的领导力建议？” 我回答道：“**我们绝不可能通过‘以霸凌反制霸凌’来赢得胜利**。我们绝对不能去验证霸凌者的世界观。一旦我们告诉他们这个世界本就该残酷野蛮，他们便会借机自辩：‘看吧，这就是我必须如此行事的原因。’你不需要通过展示你有多么能去恨，来证明你有多么在乎，或是证明你属于这个群体。”当我讲出这番话时，台下观众紧绷的双肩明显放松了下来，眼中重新燃起了希望，全场仿佛完成了一次集体的舒缓叹息。 次日，一位与会女性给我写信分享了离场时的一幕：散场时的人群异乎寻常地友善而有礼貌，在车道汇入出口时，车辆自发有序地相互交替礼让，没有任何人用行动宣称自己比别人更重要。她由衷地告诉我，那番话带来了即时、积极且真切的改变。 人们本质上渴望重新做回彼此守望的邻居，渴望安心参加孩子朋友的生日聚会而不必担忧冲突爆发，不希望被迫依靠展现仇恨来证明自身的在乎与归属。**霸凌者的权力全部是外界借给他们的，我们完全有权拒绝赋予他们这种力量**。我们每个人都拥有内在的个人力量，依托这种力量，通过一次次微小的社会勇气之举相互支持、直面霸凌，我们定能汇聚起坚实的集体力量，彻底扭转霸凌文化。
Original English So after eight years of writing this book, I turned it in a few months ago. Right after that, I traveled to Greeley, Colorado, a small city in the High Plains that was raw, politically divided, on edge. I could feel the vigilance in the air when I looked at them. I spoke about personal power and trust, and at the end the moderator said her last question to me was this. She said, "Is there one piece of leadership advice that you haven't really shared?" And I said, “Yeah. We'll never win by bullying the bullies. We cannot validate their worldview. As soon as we tell them that the world has to be brutal, they say, ’See? That’s why I have to behave this way.“’ I told them you don’t have to show how much you can hate to prove how much you care, or to prove that you belong. And I looked out and I saw their shoulders relax. I saw a flicker of hope in their faces. I felt them collectively exhale. And the next day a woman wrote to me. And she said, "I was at your talk. And I noticed something interesting as I left the venue. The crowd was unusually cheerful and courteous. Several drive aisles wove together toward the exits, and everyone was alternating and letting each other in. No one was saying with their actions that they were more important than another person. I just wanted to share the observation that you made an immediate, positive and tangible difference." We want to be neighbors again. We want to go to our kids' friends' birthday parties and not worry about an explosion. We don't want to have to show how much we hate to prove how much we care. Bullies' power is borrowed power. And we can refuse to give it to them. We all have access to personal power, and with that personal power, we can commit small acts of social bravery, supporting each other, challenging bullies. So I invite you please, to join me. Let's find that collective power and turn bullying around. And one more thing. Thank you. Thank you so much.