--- author: TED date: '2026-11-12' guest: '' layout: post.njk source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5RqYHd2cBQ speaker: TED tags: - urban-planning - community-engagement - participatory-design - play title: 通过游戏构建理想城市：从童年记忆到参与式城市规划 summary: 城市规划师詹姆斯·罗哈斯（James Rojas）阐述了传统城市规划中数据与术语造成的公众隔阂，提出通过让居民使用废旧微型物件动手搭建童年记忆与理想社区的方法，激发公众的共情与创造力，推动更具人性化与包容性的城市空间规划。 insight: '' draft: true series: '' category: politics-society area: society-thinking project: [] people: - James Rojas companies_orgs: - Ability360 products_models: [] media_books: [] status: evergreen --- ### 城市规划的传统困境与童年玩具的启发 今天我们来探讨如何通过游戏来构建你的理想城市。在我成长过程中，我一直想要一个玩具娃娃屋，但在那个年代，男孩子是不玩娃娃的。而且我的父母也买不起积木玩具。于是我开始收集小冰棒棍，祖母给了我一个鞋盒，我便用它们建造了自己的第一座微型小屋。这极大地激发了我的热情，让我不断建造街道、街区，最终拓展到整座城市。正是这段经历引导我走上了城市规划的职业道路。
Original English Today we're going to learn about how to build your ideal city through play. I wanted a dollhouse growing up, but in those days, boys didn't play with dolls. And my parents couldn't afford to buy me building blocks. So I started collecting small popsicle sticks, and my grandmother gave me a shoebox, and I built my first mini house. I was so motivated by it that I kept on building streets, neighborhoods and eventually cities. So that led me to a career in city planning.
但在这些年作为城市规划师的工作中，我意识到我们把这项工作看得太严肃了。我们将城市视为一个截止日期、一种测量指标、一系列数据，或是某个需要用华丽演示文稿来解决的问题。我们使用的词汇大家听不懂，绘制的地图大家看不明白，拿出的数据让人困惑，发放的问卷大家也不愿填写。无论是负责主持的规划师，还是需要参会的公众，都对社区会议感到畏惧。会议要么是一间空无一人的屋子，根本没人关心议题；要么就是一个充满火药味的战场，少数几个观点极其强势且具攻击性的人主导了对话，而其他人则保持沉默。
Original English But over the years, as a city planner, I realized that we take our work way too seriously. We use the city as a deadline, as a measurement, as data, or a problem to be solved by a really fancy presentation. We use words people don't understand, maps people can't read, you know, numbers that confuse people and surveys that people don't fill out. And community meetings are dreaded both by the planner that has to facilitate them and the public who has to attend them. It's either an empty room where nobody cares about the issue, or it's a combat zone where a few aggressive people with very strong opinions will dominate the conversation and everybody else stays silent.
但就像大多数人一样，我也讨厌公开演讲。对我自己来说，我用双手沟通的效果更好。而对许多社区居民而言，城市是一个充满记忆与感官体验的地方。规划师几乎没有任何工具来捕捉这类无形的特质。因此对于规划师来说，我们虽然把土地利用规划做对了，但感觉却完全错了。我们能为汽车设计街道，却不能为人设计街道。而且我们都很清楚走在这样的街道上是什么感受。
Original English But like most people, I hate public speaking. And myself, I communicate better with my hands. And for a lot of community members, the city is a place of memories and sensory experiences. Planners have very few tools to capture these kinds of intangible qualities. So for planners, we get the land use right, but the feeling wrong. We can design streets for cars, but not for humans. And we know what it's like to walk down the street like this.
### 用游戏重塑规划：从画廊实验到工作坊 所以我就在想，如果像我们小时候那样，通过游戏来设计城市会怎样呢？或者说，至少像我小时候那样。因为在童年时期，我们大脑的控制中心，也就是前额叶皮层，尚未完全发育成熟。所以我们会利用感官和想象力去探索世界。我们在玩耍和分享时没有任何功利性的目的。因此，我重回童年的思路，开发了一套游戏工具包，让人们利用各种物件来构建他们的城市规划方案。
Original English So I thought, what if we designed cities like we did as children through play? Or at least how I did. Because as children, our brain's command center, or prefrontal cortex, is not fully developed. So we use our senses and imagination to explore the world. And we played and we shared without any kind of agenda. So I went back to my childhood and developed a play set where people use objects to build their urban planning solutions.
当时我向规划师们介绍了这种方法，很多人对此犹豫不决，因为它不是基于测量指标或数据的。此外，他们还担心人们会建造城市根本无法实现的东西，比如通往月球的发射台。
Original English I introduced this approach to planners at that time, and a lot of them were hesitant because it wasn't based on a measurement or data. And plus they were worried that people would build things that the city can't deliver on, such as a launching pad to the moon.
但我没有放弃这个想法，而是选择了一条不同的道路。我和朋友们开了一家艺术画廊，以便将我的方法付诸实践。我会在桌上摆放成千上万个回收来的小物件，让人们用它们来搭建各自的理想城市。结果大获成功。人们展现出极大的创造力和社交互动性，他们会逗留五分钟，或是好几个小时。我看到了人们在传统社区会议上绝不会展现出的一面。在协助举办了数百场沉浸式动手艺术装置活动后，我合著了一本书，去探究这个过程起作用的原因。
Original English But instead of embedding this idea, I took a different path. With friends, I opened up an art gallery where I could put my method into practice. I would lay out thousands of small recycled objects on a table and have people just build their ideal city from them. And it was a hit. People were creative and they were social, and they would stay for five minutes or a few hours. I saw a side people that I would not see at community meetings. So after facilitating hundreds of hands-on art installations, I cowrote a book to understand why this process worked.
在座的各位有多少人年龄在26岁以下？请举手。好吧，你们的大脑还没完全发育成熟。（笑声）所以你们有能力去展开宏大的构想和进行创造性思考。过了26岁，你的前额叶皮层就完全成型了。此时你更多考虑的是生存问题。因此人们更多地考虑停车位，而不是发挥想象力。所以通过游戏，我们可以跳出这种生存模式，用想象力和创造力来构想城市。最终，城市规划师们注意到了这一点，并接纳了我的方法。
Original English And how many of you here are under the age of 26? Raise your hands. Well, your brains aren't fully formed yet. (Laughter) So you have capacity to think big and think creatively. After 26, your prefrontal cortex is formed. And now you worry more about survival. So people would think more about parking than their imagination. So through play, we could figure out survival mode and think about the city with imagination and creativity. So eventually city planners took notice and embraced my method.
### 构建童年记忆：唤醒共情与共有价值观 我的城市工作坊或游戏聚会面向所有年龄、背景和语言的人群开放。活动只有一个非常简单的提示要求：用各种物件在五分钟内搭建出你最喜欢的童年记忆。不要光说，动手建出来。因为一旦你把那段记忆重新搭建出来，它就变得真实可见，并能激励你去构想未来的城市。
Original English My city workshops or play dates are accessible to people of all ages, backgrounds and languages. They go with a very simple prompt: build your favorite childhood memory in five minutes using objects. Don't talk about it, build it. Because once you build that memory again, it becomes real and it inspires you to build cities of the future.
当人们分拣这些物件时，他们放下了分析性思维，进入了一种创造性的心流状态。这就像艺术疗法一样。他们开始以不同的方式思考。物件的颜色和形状会让人们联想起他们热爱的活动和场所。例如，卷发筒会让非裔美国女性联想起与长辈一起做头发的重要意义；而一片橙色的枫叶则会让来自新英格兰的人们想起秋天。
Original English As people sort through the objects they let go of analytical thinking and enter a creative flow state. It's like art therapy. They start thinking differently. The colors and the shapes of the objects remind people of activities and places that they love. For example, hair rollers will remind African American women of the importance of doing hair with their elders, while an orange maple leaf will remind people from New England about fall.
每个人都会动手搭建，每个人都会分享自己的记忆。这些故事各不相同，有去参加夏令营、编造虚构的游戏、和朋友闲逛，或是学习如何骑自行车。在他们分享完故事后，我问：“这些记忆有哪些共同点？”
Original English Everybody builds and everybody shares their memory. And these stories vary, from attending summer camp, creating make-believe games, you know, hanging out with friends, or learning how to ride a bike. After they shared a story, I ask, “What do some of these memories have in common?”
大多数记忆都涉及与家人和朋友的社交互动。它们也是多感官维度的，并且通常发生在户外的自然环境中。孩子们是充满身体活力的。他们绝不会去搭建被动式的活动，比如看电视或刷屏幕。没有人会去搭建所有权、财富或是拥有许多玩具。最重要的是，从来没有人会去搭建准时到校。（笑声）
Original English Most of them are social with family and friends. They are also multisensory and often take place outdoors in nature. Children are physically active. They never build passive activities like watching TV or screen time. And no one builds ownership or wealth and having a lot of toys. And most importantly, no one ever builds getting to school on time. (Laughter)
于是，人们在那一刻意识到，跨越年龄、收入、种族和地域，他们的共同点远比想象的要多。整个房间顿时从一个表达个人意见的场所，转变成了倾听、共情和建立共有价值观的空间。因此，在我们开始规划或摆放砖石构建之前，我们的会议必须先从这种归属感开始。
Original English So people then realized at that moment that across age income, race and geography they have more in common than they thought. So suddenly the room transforms from a place of individual opinions into one of listening, empathy and shared values. So before we start to plan or lay out the brick and mortar, we have to begin our meetings with these feelings of belonging.
### 从个体表达到集体愿景：构想理想社区 现在人们准备好进行游戏和规划了。于是我们让大家分组合作，在10分钟内使用相同的物件或更多物件，去创造他们理想的社区，因为大家可以进行协作、协商与妥协。随着他们把物件摆在桌上并在他们想象的景观中移动，大家的想法开始相互交织。在其他人的帮助下，个体的构想汇聚成集体的构想，新的可能性由此涌现。而这如果单靠文字、语言或地图是很难做到的。
Original English So now people are ready to play and plan. So we ask people to work in teams to create their ideal communities in 10 minutes using the same objects or more because they can collaborate, negotiate and compromise. So their ideas begin to intersect with each other as they place objects on the table, and they move them around on their imagined landscapes. Individual ideas become collective with the help of others, and new possibilities emerge. And this would be difficult to do through words, languages or maps.
时间一到，所有团队都会分享他们的价值观，分享他们的愿景。而在我多年来见证的成百上千个愿景中，无论他们是谁，人们想要的都是同一种城市。他们渴望一座注重人与自然、人与人之间关系的城市。
Original English So once time is up, all the teams share their values, share their visions, and from the hundreds of visions I witnessed over the years, no matter who they are, people want the same kind of city. They want a city of relationships with nature and other people.
为了说明这一点，各团队构建了适宜步行和骑行的社区，其重点关注的是家人与朋友。他们建造了占据城市中心主要位置的公共空间、广场、公共交通设施和花园，而不是摩天大楼。就像童年记忆一样，它们是多感官维度的场所，充满了公园、自然、树木、水系以及各种身体活动空间。他们把高速公路变成了花园。各团队没有去构建由办公园区、高速公路、停车场构成的事务交易型城市。没有人建造郊区的大宅子和漫长的通勤路线，也没有人建造封闭式社区或监狱，因为他们是出于喜悦来进行规划的。这带来了巨大的不同。
Original English So to illustrate this, the teams build walkable and bikeable communities that are focused on family and friends. They build public spaces, plazas and public transportation and gardens that dominate the city centers, not skyscrapers. And like the childhood memories, they are multisensory places filled with parks, nature, trees, water and a range of physical activities. They turn freeways into gardens. The teams don't build transactional cities with office parks, freeways, parking lots. No one builds a giant house in the suburbs and the commute to work and no build gated communities or jails, because they're planning from joy. That makes a big difference.
### 实践案例：从蒂华纳社区到凤凰城轻轨站 这里有我最喜欢的两个项目。一个是墨西哥蒂华纳的绿道区（Camino Verde）和创意之家（Casa de Las Ideas）。像蒂华纳的大多数非正规聚落一样，绿道区是匆忙建成的，缺乏基本的基础设施，尤其是公共空间。因此我受邀去协助组织一场草根社区会议，在当地设计一个社区中心。项目取得了巨大成功。我们向市政府提交了10页记录——全是来自社区的构想。绿道区不仅建成了社区中心，他们还拥有了“创意之家”，翻译过来就是 House of Ideas。它是一个集成了公共空间与图书馆的综合场所，人们可以在那里阅读和发表演讲。
Original English So here are two of my favorite projects. Camino Verde and Casa de Las Ideas in Tijuana, Mexico. [Like] most informal settlements in Tijuana, The Camino Verde was built very quickly and it lacked basic infrastructure and especially public spaces. So I was invited to facilitate a grassroots community meeting to design a community center down there. It was a big success. We gave the city 10 pages of notes -- ideas from the community. Camino Verde got a community center, but they also got Casa de Las Ideas, which translates to House of Ideas. It's an integrated public space or a library where people can read and give talks.
第二个项目是亚利桑那州凤凰城的第50街轻轨站。2008年，凤凰城市政府出资协助建立了 Ability360 中心，这是一座先进的康乐中心和社区中心，每天有数百名残障人士使用它。但在街对面就是一条轻轨线路。在当时，沿线无论往哪个方向，最近的站点都相距一英里远。在凤凰城炽热的阳光下，对于残障人士来说，步行一英里可能是会危及生命的。
Original English The second project is the 50th Street light rail station in Phoenix, Arizona. In 2008, the city of Phoenix helped fund the Ability360 center, which is a state-of-the-art recreation center and community center. And it's used daily by hundreds of people with disabilities. But across the street is a light rail station. At that time, the closest stations were a mile apart in either direction. And under the hot Phoenix sun, a mile walk for persons with disabilities can be life-threatening.
于是我们举办了一场工作坊，让每个人根据自己的残障情况，动手搭建适合自己需求的理想车站。在他们完成各自的设计后，大家分组合作，将各自的构想融合起来，创建出他们最终的轻轨车站设计方案。他们制定的这些解决方案，切实帮助解决了其行动出行方面的挑战。于是他们成为了争取设立这座填补性车站的倡导者。多年来，他们向市长和市议员打电话、写信、发邮件，直到2019年，车站终于建成启用，这极大地提升了他们前往该中心的自主独立性。此外，他们还在车站中看到了自己的设计元素：彩色人行横道、缓坡与低矮的人行道、艺术作品、斑驳的遮阳棚，以及用于与街道隔离保护的景观缓冲区。
Original English So we did a workshop where I had individuals build their ideal station based on their disability -- what worked for them. So after they did that, they worked in teams and merged their ideas to create their ultimate rail station designs. So these solutions they created kind of helped solve their mobility challenges. So they became the advocates for this potential infill station. So for many years they made phone calls, wrote letters, sent emails to the mayor and the councilperson until 2019, when they finally got a station built, which gives them a lot more independence to get to the center. Plus, they saw their designs in the stations: painted crosswalks, low grade, low sidewalks, artwork, twinkly shade and landscape buffers to protect them from the street.
### 让城市规划回归人性 因此，通过游戏，城市规划重新回归了人性。人们不仅仅是用语言去描述它——他们展示它，感受它，并成为它的主人。就在那一刻，某些转变发生了。他们不再是被动的参与者，而是变成了积极的设计者，成为了自己社区的远见规划者。这为规划师和公众提供了一种全新的城市塑造方式：不再仅仅重复我们现有的东西，而是去构想更美好的未来。而有时候，我们用来实现这一目标的最有力的工具，正是游戏。 非常感谢大家。（掌声）
Original English So through play, city planning becomes human again. People don’t just describe it -- they show it, they feel it, and they own it. And in that moment, something shifts. They stop being passive participants and they start being active designers, the visionaries of their own communities. And this gives planners and the public a new way of shaping cities, not just repeating what we already have, but imagining something better. And sometimes the most powerful tool we have to do this is to play. Thank you. (Applause)