---
author: New York Times Podcasts
date: '2026-10-05'
guest: ''
layout: post.njk
source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zb7RV3ik2C8
speaker: New York Times Podcasts
tags:
- supreme-court
- space-race
- nuclear-power
- tariffs
title: 美最高法院新开庭期重磅案件聚焦、月球核动力竞赛与关税冲击下的学校乐团
summary: 本期要闻涵盖四大焦点：美国最高法院开启新开庭期，审理涉及气候变化追责、枪支管制及选举争议的重磅案件；美军因伊朗潜在威胁紧急撤离驻英空军基地的轰炸机；美中俄竞相在月球表面部署核反应堆以支持永久基地；全球关税与供应链成本激增，导致美国公立学校音乐项目乐器严重短缺。
insight: ''
draft: true
series: ''
category: geopolitics
area: geopolitics
project: []
people:
- Samuel Alito
companies_orgs:
- The New York Times
- Supreme Court of the United States
- NASA
products_models: []
media_books: []
status: evergreen
---
### 司法权与政治博弈：美国最高法院新开庭期聚焦争议裁决
在华盛顿，**美国联邦最高法院**（Supreme Court of the United States）正式开启了新一届开庭期。大法官们已选定在接下来的几个月内审理约60起案件。开庭首日上午，最高法院首先聚焦一起重大的**气候变化诉讼**：焦点在于州政府与地方司法辖区是否可以起诉化石燃料公司，要求其赔偿山火、热浪等全球变暖带来的灾难性损失。这一裁决可能为全美各地数十起向石油工业索赔数百亿美元的类似诉讼铺平道路；但法院也可能支持化石燃料企业，从而使未来通过司法手段应对气候变化的努力陷入困境。
除了气候诉讼外，最高法院本届开庭期还将就一系列重大议题作出裁决。在备受关注的**枪支管制**案件中，大法官们将审理禁止半自动步枪（如AR-15）是否违反美国宪法第二修正案；法院还将受理对得克萨斯州一项州法律的挑战，该法律强制要求公立学校的每个教室悬挂《十诫》；同时，大法官们还将听取多起针对特朗普政府强硬移民议程的诉讼案件。
除正式案卷外，在过去几个月中介入选区划分和邮寄选票等焦点争议后，最高法院还可能进一步卷入中期选举的风波。选举法专家与学者密切关注的不仅是选前诉讼，更是选举后的争议——如果出现选民欺诈指控或拒绝认证获胜国会议员的情况，法院将不可避免地被卷入极具争议的政治旋涡。大法官们清醒地意识到公众将其视为两极化和政治化的机构，民调显示多数美国人认为最高法院受政治而非法律驱动。最高法院在夏季发布的命令实际上向外界传递了一个信号：尽量避免在临近大选时插手并对投票规则或选举混乱负责，但当紧急救济请求呈递到面前时，大法官们必须做出裁定，而这不可避免地重塑了选举格局。
在接受 CBS 新闻采访时，法院最坚定的保守派大法官之一**塞缪尔·阿利托**（Samuel Alito: 76岁的大法官）反驳了法院介入政治的指控，强调大法官仅专注于解释宪法。在被问及何时退休时，阿利托表示到了这个年纪每届开庭期都会考虑，但他认为自己仍能做出宝贵贡献。如果民主党在11月中期选举中夺得参议院控制权，阿利托将面临在明年1月新议员就职前退休的压力，以便让特朗普总统任命一名年轻的保守派继任者。知情人士透露，阿利托不希望牺牲确保由意识形态一致的人接替其职位的机会。目前法院中唯一比阿利托年长的是78岁的**克拉伦斯·托马斯**（Clarence Thomas），但托马斯近年来已排除了退休的可能，并暗示未来几十年仍将坚守席位。
Original English Source
From The New York Times, it's The Headlines. I'm Will Jarvis, in for Tracy Mumford. Today's Monday, October 5th. Here's what we're covering.
In Washington today, the Supreme Court is kicking off a new term. The justices have selected about 60 cases to hear in the coming months, and this morning, they'll start with a major one about climate change. The case centers on whether states and local jurisdictions can sue fossil fuel companies to make them help pay for the impacts of global warming, like damage from wildfires and heat waves. The decision could clear the way for dozens of other lawsuits around the country that are trying to demand billions from the oil industry, but the court could also side with the fossil fuel companies, potentially dooming future efforts like this to tackle climate change. Beyond this case, the court is also set to weigh in on a number of other consequential issues this term. For example, in a closely watched case about gun control, the justices will consider whether bans on semi-automatic rifles, like AR-15s, violate the Constitution. They're also taking up a challenge to a state law in Texas that requires every public school classroom to display the 10 Commandments. And the justices will hear a number of cases dealing with the Trump administration's aggressive immigration agenda.
In addition to the cases on the court's docket, it could also be drawn further into the midterm elections after weighing in on a range of hot-button disputes over things like voting maps and mail-in ballots in the past few months.
"We've already seen the court getting pulled into these pre-election challenges. There could certainly be more, but what election law experts, other academics are watching are for post-election challenges. If there are, for instance, allegations of voter fraud or a refusal to certify a member of Congress who's won an election, that's really where the court could get pulled into some pretty contentious cases."
Anne Marie Mow covers the Supreme Court for the Times. She says that the court might find itself making consequential rulings about elections at a time when polls show that a majority of Americans now see the court as being motivated by politics rather than law.
"So, the justices are keenly aware that they are viewed as polarized and political and as much as possible they would like not to get pulled into these election challenges. The academics and former law clerks I've spoken with say that's the message from the orders they issued over the summer. Sort of please stop sending us these cases. We don't want to get involved too close to the election and be responsible for election chaos or changing the rules for voting. But when these requests come to them, they need to say yay or nay and that has an impact on the shape of elections."
Meanwhile,
"We are not part of any political movement and we are not attempting to further any political agenda."
In a recent interview with CBS News, Justice Samuel Alito, one of the court's most reliable conservative votes, pushed back on accusations that the court is playing politics saying the justices are only focused on interpreting the Constitution. In the interview, Alito, who's 76, was also asked about how long he would stay on the bench.
"Well, it's a something I think that um somebody at my age has to think about every term. But I thought that I could still make a valuable contribution."
If Democrats take control of the Senate in November, Alito would likely come under pressure to retire and give President Trump a chance to nominate a new justice before lawmakers are seated in January. People who know Alito tell the Times that he may not want to jeopardize the chance of ensuring he has a successor who aligns with his ideology. The only justice older than Alito is Clarence Thomas, who's 78, but in recent years he's ruled out retiring and suggested he'll stay on the court for decades to come.
### 基地安全升级与突发威胁：美军战略轰炸机紧急撤出英国基地
上周末，美军指挥官在收到关于潜在**伊朗支持袭击**（Iran-backed attack）的新威胁后，紧急将驻扎在英国空军基地的十几架美国空军战略轰炸机撤出。这一突发撤离发生在一周前英国警方在同一军事设施附近逮捕了五名驾驶白色面包车的男子之后，英国首相当时称该事件与伊朗有关联。
据两位美国官员透露，这次疏散行动极度紧急且高度反常，以至于部分轰炸机在关键空中加油机尚未准备就绪的情况下便提前起飞。截至目前，至少部分轰炸机已安全返回位于南达科他州的主基地。美方官员尚未明确披露周末截获的具体威胁形式，调查人员仍在厘清上周面包车事件的详细经过。
多国安全官员向《纽约时报》透露，调查人员目前争论的一个焦点在于：车内的一名男子为何会在被捕前主动拨打紧急求助电话报警，从而向警方暴露了行踪。部分分析认为，这批受雇人员可能是低阶犯罪分子，在意识到自己接单的任务极其危险和严重后产生恐慌；一名安全官员甚至将其形容为“浑然不知的替罪羊”（unwitting chumps）。伊朗方面断然否认与面包车事件有任何关联，但**伊斯兰革命卫队**（Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps）此前曾明确公开表示，曾被美军用于对伊朗目标发动打击的英国军事基地属于“合法打击目标”。英国军情五处（MI5）负责人长期以来也一直警告称，伊朗经常利用低阶犯罪分子作为在英国境内的代理人力量来针对其目标。
Original English Source
Over the weekend, US military commanders rushed to move a dozen Air Force bombers out of a British air base after receiving new threats of a potential Iran-backed attack. The sudden withdrawal came just a week after British officials arrested five men in white vans near the same facility in what the British Prime Minister said was an incident connected to Iran. According to two US officials, the highly unusual scramble to get the jets out was so urgent that some of the planes left before key refueling aircraft were even ready. By yesterday, at least some of the bombers were back at their home base in South Dakota.
American officials haven't specified exactly what kind of threat against the base they detected this weekend, and investigators are still trying to unravel what exactly happened during the incident with the vans last weekend. Security officials from several countries told the Times that one subject of debate among investigators is why one of the men inside the vans dialed emergency services before they were arrested, effectively tipping off authorities. Some think that it could have been because the men were low-level criminals who suddenly realized they'd been hired to do something serious. One official described the men as, quote, "unwitting chumps."
For its part, Iran has denied any accusations that it was involved in the incident with the vans, but the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps previously said that the British base, which has been used by US forces in attacks on Iran, is a, quote, "legitimate target." And the head of Britain's domestic security agency has long warned that Iran uses low-level crooks as a kind of proxy force in the UK to target its enemies.
### 月球基地能源博弈：地缘大国竞逐月表核反应堆部署
大国之间正在展开一场宛如科幻小说的全新太空竞赛：世界超级大国正加紧研发并在月球表面建立**核反应堆**（Nuclear Reactor: 提供高密度、不受光照限制的裂变动力装置）。目前，美国与中国正激烈角逐建立人类首个长期运作的月球基地，目标是勘探和开采**氦**以及月球冰冻水资源，并将其作为深入太阳系深空探索的中继跳板。
要在月球极端恶劣的环境下实现基地的长期自给自足运转，常规太阳能面板存在难以克服的物理短板：月球夜晚长达14天以上，且昼夜温差在华氏130度（约54℃）到华氏零下334度（约-203℃）之间剧烈波动。因此，参与竞争的国家普遍将核裂变反应堆视为保障月表基地持续能源供应最可靠的方案。
《纽约时报》调查记者萨拉姆·格布雷基丹（Salam Gebrekidan）披露，中国与俄罗斯正依托冷战时期俄方在卫星上部署反应堆的技术积累，秘密推进在未来十年内在月球表面部署核反应堆的合作计划。作为应对，**美国国家航空航天局**（NASA）近期已要求承包商制定方案，争取在2030年底前将一座美国核反应堆送上月球。然而，这种技术竞速引发了严峻的核安全隐患：
* **发射阶段风险**：虽然反应堆在发射升空时不会处于运行激活状态，但一旦发射失败并坠入海洋，海水对反应堆的相互作用虽不至于引发切尔诺贝利式的严重灾难，但仍可能导致反应堆周围释放放射性物质；
* **再入大气层坠毁**：在轨反应堆存在失控再入的风险。1970年代末期，搭载核反应堆的苏联“宇宙954号”卫星失控坠入加拿大北部空域，放射性碎片散布超过48,000平方英里，清理工作耗时近一年且仅回收了极少量的放射源；
* **月球退役与核废料遗弃**：核反应堆寿命终结后的退役处置本该是一个精密谨慎的过程，但美俄两国均计划将残留的放射性材料直接遗弃在月表。核科学家指出，在激烈的太空竞赛压力下，各方显然都不愿被一个尚无成熟解决方案的复杂棘手问题拖慢脚步。
Original English Source
The Times has been covering a new space race that seems like something out of science fiction, a rush by the world's superpowers to build a nuclear reactor on the moon.
At the moment, both the US and China are trying to beat each other to build the first base on the moon to be able to search for resources like helium and frozen water and to use it as a jumping-off point for missions deeper into the solar system. But, in order to get those bases to operate long-term, they'll need a source of power that can withstand extremely harsh conditions.
"Solar panels are not really going to work during the long lunar nights, which extend to just over 14 days. And then, you also have to contend with these massive swings in temperature between 130° F and -334° F. So, the countries who are working on this believe that nuclear reactors are the most reliable solution for power sources for these bases."
My colleague Salam Gebrekidan is a Times investigative reporter. She says that there is a secretive Chinese-Russian effort underway to get a reactor on the moon's surface in the next decade, building on Russia's experience launching reactors aboard satellites during the Cold War. In response, NASA has recently asked contractors to come up with a plan to get an American nuclear reactor up to the moon by the end of 2030, fueling concerns about the safety of the plants.
"Over the last few months, I've been talking to a lot of experts, nuclear engineers who are both for these kinds of developments and against them. And there are a certain number of risks that became very apparent in my reporting. Primarily, launch is the moment where there is a lot of risk. Now, what is true is that the reactors themselves are not going to be active or operative at the time of launch. But, a lot of things can still go wrong. For example, if the reactor splashes down into an ocean. Water has certain effects on a reactor like that. It will not be a massive disaster like Chernobyl or Fukushima, but there might still be release of radioactive material close to the reactor itself. And the other risk is that a reactor that is in space can come back tumbling down. This happened in Canada in the late 1970s. This was a Russian satellite that had an uncontrolled entry over Canadian airspace and it crashed there and it ended up spreading radioactive material over more than 48,000 square miles of Canada's north and they spent close to 1 year on cleanup and were only able to recover a very very tiny proportion of that nuclear power source."
Salam says that there would be more potential risks from nuclear reactors like this once they were up on the moon. For instance, decommissioning a reactor at the end of its life would normally be a careful, painstaking process, but the US and Russia have both said they plan to just leave any leftover radioactive material on the moon behind. One nuclear scientist told the Times that when it comes to a space race like this, quote, "they don't want to be bothered with a difficult problem that nobody has a solution for."
### 全球供应链断裂与关税压力：美国学校音乐教育面临沉重危机
受疫情导致的全球供应链紊乱及随后特朗普总统签署的全面关税政策叠加影响，全美公立学校的音乐教育项目正面临严重的“失声”风险。由于绝大多数初学者乐器均在**中国**制造，关税政策导致进口成本出现断崖式攀升。经济学家向《纽约时报》表示，高企的成本使得美国弦乐器的进口量锐减了50%。新泽西州一家公立学校艺术项目负责人指出，学生使用的萨克斯风价格已从过去的400美元飙升至900美元，而大号的价格更是至少达到了9,000美元。
面对昂贵的新乐器，基础教育机构不得不千方百计延长既有设备寿命：
* **日常维护强化**：教师要求学生加倍做好老旧长笛和小提琴的清洁与养护，以最大化延长使用寿命；
* **二手市场淘宝**：教师们被迫在 eBay 和 Facebook Marketplace 上搜寻二手乐器；
* **极端替代方案**：俄勒冈州一位小学音乐教师甚至考虑使用3D打印机自行制造塑料尤克里里。
然而，西弗吉尼亚州的一位高中管弦乐团总监指出，即便学生勉强使用老旧破损的乐器演奏，这种妥协也在从根本上摧毁音乐教育质量：当破旧乐器发出品质低劣的声音时，缺乏经验的学生往往不会归咎于乐器本身，而是产生自我怀疑、挫伤学习自信。面对整个乐团每年仅有500至600美元的微薄预算，这位乐团总监不得不自掏腰包购买乐器，以维持日常教学。
节目最后预告了播客《The Daily》将聚焦的中期选举最新民调：分析民主党在俄亥俄州、得克萨斯州、爱荷华州、阿拉斯加州和堪萨斯州这五个传统红州中具备较强竞争力的选情态势。
Original English Source
And finally, across the country, school music programs are at a growing risk of going silent. The threat they're facing is the skyrocketing price of instruments. The pinch started with pandemic supply chain snarls, then President Trump's sweeping global tariffs made things even worse since most beginner instruments are made in China. One economist told the Times that due to rising costs, imports of string instruments have plunged 50% and the supervisor of an arts program at a public school system in New Jersey said a student saxophone that used to be about $400 is now $900. A tuba is at least $9,000.
With expensive new instruments increasingly out of reach, educators are scrambling to find other options. They're doubling down on encouraging students to clean and care for their old flutes and violins to make sure they last longer. Some are scouring eBay and Facebook Marketplace for used instruments, and one elementary school music teacher in Oregon said she'd considered using a 3D printer to make plastic ukuleles. Still, one high school orchestra director in West Virginia said he's concerned that even if his students can hobble along on old instruments, it could undermine their musical education. He told the Times that when students play on instruments that sound bad, they don't blame the instruments, they blame themselves. He added that with a total orchestra budget of just 5 to $600 a year, he's had to pay out of pocket to buy instruments himself.
Those are the headlines. Today on The Daily, what new polling from the Times shows about how Democrats are doing in the run-up to the midterm elections.
"We pulled the five red states where the Democrats seem to have their best chance of winning. Ohio, Texas, Iowa, Alaska, and Kansas. And we found the Democrats were really highly competitive in all five of them."
You can find that in the New York Times app or wherever you get your podcasts. And if you're not a Times subscriber yet, you can get a full month of free access to everything we publish when you download the Times app now. I'm Will Jarvis. The show will be back tomorrow.