认知过载的根源:大脑局限与数字侵蚀
我们普遍认同,现代人的注意力广度已严重退化。我将其称为“注意力的暴政”,因为来自四面八方的海量信息需求,让我们不堪重负,缺乏足够的心理带宽来应对。我是Richard Cytowic,乔治华盛顿大学的神经学教授,也是**《屏幕时代的石器时代大脑:应对数字干扰与感官超载》**(Your Stone Age Brain in the Screen Age: Coping with the Digital Distractions and Sensory Overload)一书的作者。
与每隔几年就更新换代的洗衣机或电器不同,大脑的进化速度极其缓慢。进化不会说:“哦,是时候来个新的记忆模块或语言模块了。”现代人的大脑结构,与我们遥远的石器时代祖先相比,几乎没有本质区别。进化是通过“累加”实现的:一旦大脑找到了一个足够好的解决方案,它就会保留下来,然后在此基础上添加新功能。这就像“新英格兰式加建房屋”,房间一个接一个地添加,外观可能显得有些奇特,但功能是可用的。
工作记忆(Working memory)就像一个临时的“心理便笺”,用于暂存我们当前关注的信息,无论是记住一个简短的购物清单,还是尝试回忆一个应用的访问码。然而,它的容量是有限的。我们所做的任何事情,无论多么微小,都需要消耗能量。而ATP(三磷酸腺苷),是驱动身体每一个细胞的燃料,是能量转化的基石。例如,即使你只是在考试,没有进行任何体力活动,仅仅是思考,在几场考试结束后,你也会感到筋疲力尽,因为你消耗了大量的脑力能量。因此,我们必须谨慎使用注意力,避免过度消耗,它就像一个银行账户,很容易就陷入赤字。
大脑的运行受限于一个固定的能量带宽,无论通过何种饮食、运动或数独游戏,都无法增加这个上限。我们只能学会与现有的能量额度共存。仅仅倾听一个人讲话,就可能占用我们大约一半的带宽;而试图同时听两个人讲话,则几乎是不可能的,因为这会超出我们的极限。你可能会认为,在滚动或滑动屏幕时,你并没有做什么特别费力的事情。但正是因为这种带宽如此狭窄,留给思考的空间所剩无几。大部分能量被用于维持细胞膜上的钠钾离子泵等物理结构,真正留给思考的能量微乎其微。
一个绝佳的例子是“奥斯卡颁奖礼”的那个著名失误,他们错误地宣布了最佳影片。就在艾玛·斯通(Emma Stone)走下舞台时,一位名叫Cullinan的人拍了一张照片并发布到社交媒体上。而就在那一刻,他本应丢弃信封并准备下一个奖项的颁发。他 фактически 占用了本应用于关键任务的工作记忆,导致了宣布错误最佳影片的混乱局面。
大脑和周围神经系统本质上是一个巨大的“变化探测器”,它会响应当前环境中发生的任何变化,尤其是对新奇事物做出反应。在过去的自然环境中,除了星辰和季节的变化外,其他变化并不显著。而如今,我们身处一个变化无处不在的环境中,这些变化都在争夺我们的注意力。屏幕就像“二手烟”,任何处于其视线范围内的人都会受到影响。我们在候车室或机场休息室都经历过这种情况:巨大的显示屏上播放着动态图像,它们强行吸引你的目光,而你试图忽视它们同样需要消耗能量。无论如何,我们似乎都处于劣势。
我经常说,屏幕就像“二手烟”。这是因为,无论谁在视线范围内,都会受到它的影响。我们都曾在候车室或机场休息室经历过这种情况,那些巨大的显示屏上不断变化的图像,它们强行吸引你的目光,而你试图不去看它们,同样需要消耗能量。所以,无论怎样,我们似乎都处于劣势。也许唯一的办法就是戴上耳塞,蒙上眼睛,这样才不会被这些东西分心。我将这种现象称为“强制观看”。
那么,看着屏幕上的我,这是否具有讽喻性?答案是:如果你只是专注于我此刻的演讲,那倒没什么。但如果你试图同时做三件事或五件事,那么你的注意力就会被严重分散。
我认为,“多巴胺奖励”(dopamine reward)这个词被过于随意地使用了,它似乎成了任何令人感觉良好的事物的代名词。比如,一顿美餐也会带来“多巴胺冲击”。我们整天都在接收这些“小刺激”。但实际上,大脑中有两个主要的愉悦回路:一个是与“渴求与奖励”(wanting and reward)相关的,另一个是与“愉悦与喜爱”(pleasure and liking)相关的。
这两个系统在触发的难易程度上有所不同。“渴求与奖励”系统非常容易触发,它的网络广泛分布于大脑的各个角落。但它却不可能被完全满足,这也是“享乐适应”(hedonic treadmill)的根源——一旦我们得到想要的东西,立刻就会想要别的东西。愉悦感非常短暂,甚至亚里士多德在很久以前就指出了这一点。
另一方面,“愉悦与喜爱”系统(如阿片系统)在大脑中的分布范围较小,触发起来更困难,但它可以被满足,这也是成瘾的根源所在。研究表明,行为成瘾,例如过度滑动屏幕或TikTok成瘾,会激活与物质成瘾(如酒精、可卡因等毒品)相同的脑区。许多实验都显示,当你拿走一个人的手机时,他的焦虑水平会随之升高。
科技巨头们深知一天只有1440分钟,因此他们会不遗余力地争夺我们的眼球,并希望将我们尽可能长时间地“粘”在他们的平台上,因为这就是他们赚钱的方式。Netflix的前CEO里德·哈斯廷斯(Reed Hastings)早就说过,睡眠才是他们最大的竞争对手,而不是亚马逊Prime、Hulu或其他流媒体服务。他们已经精通于利用“正向间歇性强化”(positive intermittent reinforcement)。我知道他们在做什么,但当我看到“下一集5秒后开始”的提示时,我还是会想:“好吧,现在几点了?哦,我还能再看一小时。”这与赌场老虎机使用的机制相同,目的是让我们持续玩下去。也就是说,我们滑动屏幕,看到一些有趣的内容或好消息,这就是一种奖励。于是我们想:“哦,再来一个。”然后继续下去。但奖励的出现是稀疏且不可预测的,这正是让我们沉迷于刷屏的原因。因此,你不仅在行为上成瘾,在生理上也可能成瘾。
Original English
Everyone agrees that our attention spans have gone to hell. I call it a tyranny of attention because there's so many demands on our attention coming from so many different directions that we are simply overwhelmed and we don't have the mental bandwidth to cope with it. I'm Richard Cytowic, professor of neurology at George Washington University and an author of “Your Stone Age Brain in the Screen Age: Coping with the Digital Distractions and Sensory Overload." Washing machines and appliances change every 5 or 10 years. The brain doesn't do that. Evolution doesn't say, oh, it's time for another memory module, a time for another language module. The modern brain is no different than that of our distant Stone Age ancestor. Evolution precedes by accretion. That is, once the brain arrives on a solution that's good enough, it keeps it and then adds on new features, sort of like a New England add on house, where you add one room after another and it looks sort of funky, but it works. Working memory is like the mental scratchpad where we hold whatever we're focused on at the moment, whether it's remembering a short grocery list or trying to remember, an access code, for an app and, it, it's limited in what it can do. How much you can hold everything that we do, costs us in terms of energy expenditure. And ATP is the fuel that fuels every cell in the body. ATP stands for adenine triphosphate. Creatures all over the animal kingdom all rely on ATP. It's like the bedrock of energy transformation. So, for example, if you have to go take a test, you're not doing anything. You're just thinking. But at the end of 3 or 4 of our tests section, you're really beat. You're tired because you have expended a lot of mental energy. So we have to be, you want to be careful not to waste your attention or spend too much. It's like a bank account that can go into the into the read very easily. The brain operates within a fixed energy limit, bandwidth, and there's no amount of diet, exercise, or Sudoku puzzles that can increase that. So we have to learn to live with the amount that we have. Listening to one person speak takes up about half my bandwidth, and trying to listen to two people at once is impossible, because then we've exceeded it. Now, you might think that as you're scrolling or swiping that you're not really doing much, but because that bandwidth is so small, and narrow, there's not much left over, and most of the energy goes towards maintaining the physical structure by pumping sodium and potassium ions across membranes. And that leaves very, very little left over for thought. A great example is the Oscar fiasco, in which they named the wrong best picture. Just as Emma Stone was walking off the stage. Cullinan took a picture and tweeted, and that's the exact moment that he should have been discarding the envelope and lining up the next one. Basically, he flooded his working memory, and that's what led to them announcing the wrong best picture. The brain and the peripheral nervous system is really one big changed detector. That is a response to any change in current, in the current environment. And so it responds to novelty. Now, back on the savanna, things didn't change very much except the constellations overhead and the seasons. Now, of course, we're we've got change everywhere. Bidding for our attention. Now, I mean, take in terms of attention and distraction, I often say that the screens are like second hand smoke. And so in the fact that who's ever in the line of sight is affected by it. And we've all experienced this in waiting rooms and airport lounges, those huge monitors with their moving images. They demand to be looked at and trying not to look costs energy as much. So either way we lose. I think the only way around that would be to put in earplugs and put on a blindfold so you're not distracted by this stuff. This what I call forced viewing. Is it ironic that good looking at me on a screen? And the answer is not if you're just focused on my talk right now, but if you're trying to do three things or five things at once, then your focus is really shot. I think the term, you know, dopamine reward is being thrown around too loosely. It's sort of shorthand for anything that feels good. You know, a good meal will give us a dopamine hit. So, I mean, it's we're getting we're getting these these squirts, all day long. But there are two pleasure circuits that exist in the brain. One related to wanting and reward and the other to pleasure and liking. The two systems differ in how easy they are to trigger. Now, the wanting and reward system is very easy to trigger. It's network is diffused widely throughout the brain and basically in every crevice. But it's impossible to satiate. And this is the basis of the hedonistic treadmill. As soon as we get something that we want, we want something else. Pleasure is very short lived. Even Aristotle pointed this out long ago. On the other hand, the opioid system is smaller in its expanse in the brain is harder to trigger. We can satiate and this is the basis of addictions, really. Studies show that, behavioral addictions such as, you know, excessive swiping at your screen or TikTok addiction, activates the same brain areas as do physical addictions. So alcohol, cocaine, other kinds of drugs. This has been shown in many experiments where the anxiety level rises minute by minute as you take your phone away. The tech giants know that there's only 1440 minutes in a day, and so they fight ruthlessly for our eyeballs, and they want to keep us glued to their platform as long as possible, because that's how they make their money. I mean, Reed Hastings of Netflix said it long ago. He said sleep is their biggest competitor, not Amazon Prime, not Hulu, not the other streaming services. They have become expert in exploiting, positive, intermittent reinforcement. I mean, I know what they're doing. And yet when I see that next episode in five seconds, it's like, okay, what time is it? Oh, I can I can watch another hour. This is the same mechanism that's used by slot machines in casinos to keep us playing. That is, we scroll and we get a hit or something interesting or a good piece of news, and that's a reward. And so we said, oh, let's get another one. And we keep going. And so, but the rewards come infrequently and on an unpredictable schedule. And that's what keeps us glued to the, to the to the scrolling. So you are physically addicted as well as behaviorally addicted.重塑认知:策略、睡眠与真实连接
如何才能夺回我们的注意力呢?这是一个好问题。最有效的方法或许是关掉手机,但这恰恰也是人们最难做到的,因为他们普遍存在所谓的“恐机症”(nomophobia),即害怕没有手机。我们已经像巴甫洛夫的狗一样,对手机发出的提示音(那个“嗖”的声音)产生了条件反射。屏幕一亮,我们就听到那个声音,或者坐立不安地想:“有人给我点赞了吗?”仅仅是无法随时查看手机,就会让我们感到焦虑。
如果你不愿意放下或关掉手机,那么可以尝试调整设备设置,以减少射入视网膜的光子数量。在书中,我提供了一些具体方法。首先,在你的iPhone上开启“蓝黄三色盲滤镜”(blue-yellow tritanopia filter),并将亮度调至你觉得舒适的程度。对于电视,尤其是那些亮度极高的OLED屏幕,你可以将图像模式、对比度和亮度大幅调低(例如降低40倍),这样你仍然能获得出色的画面效果,同时又不会被过强的光线所轰炸。
另一个需要关注的是屏幕发出的光线类型,特别是蓝光。蓝光属于短波长光,其光子携带的能量比其他波长的光子都高,并且能穿透至眼底。蓝光还会向大脑发出信号,指示夜晚的开始和早晨的光线到来,从而影响我们的昼夜节律(circadian rhythms)。任何光感受器都可能进化出处理这种信号的能力,并帮助我们建立日出日落的生物钟。蓝光比其他任何波长的光都能更有效地穿透海洋,而所有生命的感光细胞最初都是在水中进化的,因此我们对蓝光特别敏感。
有人建议使用带有黄色镜片的防蓝光眼镜。如果对眩光敏感,黄色镜片或许能提供一些缓解。但就过滤蓝光而言,它们几乎是无效的。要有效过滤掉足够多的短波长蓝光,你需要的是深橙色镜片,但它又会黑到让你几乎看不清东西。所以,虽然在实验室里可以证明其效果,但在日常生活中,你会因为看不清而磕磕绊绊,甚至可能在家具间跌倒。
另一个关键因素是夜晚的活动。保持规律的睡眠和起床时间,是恢复注意力与专注力的最佳方法之一。为什么呢?因为当你入睡时,大脑并非处于被动状态。你不是一袋躺在床上的土豆。睡眠中的大脑代谢非常活跃,它忙于巩固记忆、清除白天积累的代谢废物,并处理情绪。如果我们因为睡眠不足而剥夺了大脑完成这些任务的机会,其后果相当于血液酒精浓度达到0.08%,第二天你会非常难受。而且,不存在所谓的“补觉”。你不能通宵不睡,然后指望在周末睡个懒觉就能弥补。这行不通,原因在于我们的昼夜节律和睡眠周期。
当我们躺下时,会经历四个睡眠阶段:第一、第二、第三阶段,以及最深的第四阶段——慢波睡眠,这是身体修复的关键时期。然后我们会依次回到第三、第二、第一阶段。这个过程大约在入睡90分钟后完成。接着,我们会进入第一个快速眼动(REM)睡眠阶段,这是我们做梦的时候。所以,我常常告诫我的医学生们,如果你早上需要做一次演讲,那就早点睡觉,设定一个早上5点的闹钟,然后在那时进行最后的复习和准备。因为那时你已经从充足的睡眠中恢复过来,记忆被激活,精力充沛,表现会比熬夜苦读要好得多。
那么,在睡眠卫生(sleep hygiene)方面,有哪些方法可以帮助我们建立健康的睡眠与清醒模式呢?首先,尽量减少科技产品的使用。卧室里最好不要放电视。尽量保持规律的入睡和起床时间。规律性越强,效果越好。卧室应保持凉爽,理想温度是18-20摄氏度。不要穿得太暖和,如果你发现半夜需要踢开被子,说明你一开始就睡得太热了。
晚上做什么也很重要。睡前沉迷于TikTok、政治或宗教等可能让你情绪激动的话题,都不是好主意,尤其是在睡前几小时。这只会让你的肾上腺素飙升,干扰睡眠。一旦睡眠受到干扰,你的专注力、注意力广度和记忆力都会受到影响。这最终关乎自我控制和情绪智力:我能否及时“切断电路”,不卷入争吵?如果你即将与人发生争执,最好的办法是双方都暂时闭嘴,好好睡一觉,第二天早上再谈。你会发现,早上醒来时,那些让你激动不已的事情,可能已经没那么重要了。这再次考验的是情绪智力和自我控制能力:你是否能“不接招”?你是否意识到正在发生什么,并选择“我不会去那里”?这需要极大的韧性,因为最终,当你被激怒并感到不公时,你伤害的只有自己。
解决方案其实非常简单:你需要回归现实生活中与他人互动。试着约朋友喝杯咖啡,或一起去公园散步。当你与另一个人或一小群人互动时,你们的交流会非常有意义,你是有目的而来的,并从中获益,感觉良好。你的身体会释放催产素(oxytocin),这种荷尔蒙能增强连接感。而当你盯着屏幕时,这种情况就不会发生。即使是在Zoom会议上看着屏幕上的20个人,也不会产生这种效果。事实上,这非常令人疲惫。人们谈论“Zoom疲劳”有几个原因:一是摄像头的位置总是不对,让你不确定该看哪里;二是你担心自己的形象,担心是否表达得当,是否看起来不错。仅仅是集中注意力就足以让人精疲力尽。另一个原因是视频和音频被分割成不同的流。当我们正常交谈时,身体语言和语调会传递信号,表明何时该我说话、何时该停止、何时该你回应。但在Zoom会议中,音频被分割,会导致对话出现“卡顿”,人们的注意力会集中在“我什么时候能插上话?”这种状态上,这非常累人。这就是Zoom疲劳的由来。
你可以做的一件事就是有意识地休息,按下那个“电路断路器”,停止所有忙碌,停止你此刻正在做的一切事情。荷兰有一个美妙的概念叫做“niksen”,意为“无所事事”的艺术。你可以离开电脑,眺望窗外,看看树木,听听鸟鸣,观察风中摇曳的树枝。这样做几分钟就足以“切断电路”,让你暂时从忙碌中抽离出来。你就像是处于“过载”状态,然后进行一次“niksen”时刻,降低你的参与度,这样你就可以重新开始。Niksen并非冥想,也不是强迫自己什么都不做,它只是一种自发的行为,让你抬头看看,或者在户外散步时,抬头看看建筑。你太习惯于只盯着地面行走,或者一边走路一边看手机,结果撞上灯柱。所以,放下手机,停下来,环顾四周,深呼吸。这就是niksen,这就是按下电路断路器。
我称沉默为一种必需的营养素。沉默之所以重要,是因为我们进化时,大约30亿年前,世界是相当安静的。你主要听到的只有风吹过树叶的声音。如果你听到树枝断裂的声音,那就会让你立刻警觉起来:“哇,那是什么?是危险来了吗?”任何非同寻常的事情都会激活你的变化探测器,它会让你思考:这是威胁还是机遇?是狮子在追我,还是有潜在的伴侣或食物?所以,大脑并非为24/7全天候运行而设计,它需要有休息的时间来恢复自身。