最高法院的权力博弈与跨性别运动员争议
美国最高法院已进入本届任期的最后冲刺阶段,准备在未来两周内公布十多起剩余案件的裁决,其中包括对总统权力界限的重大考验。首先是出生公民权(Birthright Citizenship: 宪法第十四修正案保障的在美出生即获得自然公民身份的权利)。特朗普(Donald Trump)总统在重返白宫的第一天就签署了一项行政命令,试图终止一直以来被广泛认可的“在美出生婴儿即为美国公民”的惯例,即使其父母为无证移民。如果大法官们支持这一行政命令,将重新定义美国人的身份,并影响每年数十万名新生儿。在重塑国家基本身份制度的同时,最高法院也面临着关于总统人事任免权的裁决:特朗普去年夏天以涉嫌抵押贷款欺诈为由,试图免除联邦储备委员会成员莉萨·库克(Lisa Cook)的职务,尽管库克坚决否认有任何不当行为且未受到指控;同时,特朗普还多次解雇了诸如联邦贸易委员会(Federal Trade Commission)成员等独立监管机构官员,而此前制定的法律旨在保护这些机构免受政治压力。若最高法院做出有利于特朗普的裁决,将大幅扩张总统对独立机构的控制权。此外,法庭还将就两起跨性别运动员起诉爱达荷州和西弗吉尼亚州禁止其参加女子运动队法律的案件做出裁决,其判决结果将影响其他 25 个拥有类似法律的州,以及全美 K-12 和大学体育的参赛选手。
Original English Source
The Supreme Court is in the final stretch of its term. It's set to announce decisions for more than a dozen remaining cases over the next 2 weeks, including several that will be major tests of President Trump's power. Those decisions could start coming down as soon as this morning. Here's some of the big ones to watch for. First, birthright citizenship. The president signed an executive order on his first day back in office to end the long-time understanding that babies born in the US are citizens, even if their parents are undocumented. If the justices uphold his order, it would redefine what it means to be an American and affect hundreds of thousands of children each year. Also to watch, two cases testing who the president has the power to fire. Trump tried to remove a member of the Federal Reserve Board, Lisa Cook, last summer, citing mortgage fraud. Though Cook has not been charged and has denied any wrongdoing. The decision will be a test of how much discretion the president has to remake the Central Bank. Trump has also repeatedly fired independent regulators, like a member of the Federal Trade Commission, despite laws meant to insulate them from political pressure. A ruling in Trump's favor would be a major expansion of presidential authority over independent agencies. And the last ones that I'll highlight, the cases of two transgender athletes who have challenged laws in Idaho and West Virginia prohibiting them from playing on women's teams. The outcome of these cases will have implications for 25 other states with similar laws and for athletes who compete in K-12 and college sports around the country. The Times will have live coverage when all of those decisions are handed down. And for a full list of the remaining cases, including one on mail-in ballots that could shake up the midterms, go to the Times app or nytimes.com.
国家情报总监办公室的人事清洗与政治化担忧
在面临最高法院对总统权力进行司法重塑的背景下,行政分支内部的情报机构也正迎来一场剧烈的人事风暴。根据《纽约时报》披露,新任国家情报代理总监(Acting Director of National Intelligence: 负责协调和监管国家情报体系的临时最高负责人)比尔·普尔蒂(Bill Pulty)正计划在国家情报总监办公室实施大规模裁员,削减数百个负责监管中央情报局(CIA)、联邦调查局(FBI)及其他情报机构工作的职位。现任和前任官员表示,普尔蒂最早可能于今日宣布这些裁员计划。尽管对于精简这一自 9/11 事件后成立、被批评者指责为臃肿低效的机构存在跨党派支持,但部分议员质疑普尔蒂是否是执行这些裁员的合适人选。民主党人以及部分共和党人表示,他们担心普尔蒂是一个毫无国家安全经验的政治亲信,并指出其曾利用联邦住房金融局(Federal Housing Finance Agency)局长身份对总统的政治对手进行调查和政治报复,涉嫌违反联邦隐私法。如今,外界担心普尔蒂将利用新职位进一步清算恩怨,甚至干预即将到来的中期选举。
Original English Source
The Times has learned that Bill Pulty, the new acting director of national intelligence, is planning to carry out mass firings, cutting hundreds of jobs in an office that oversees the work of the CIA, FBI, and other intelligence agencies. Current and former officials say Pulty could announce the cuts as soon as today. They said the exact number of employees is still in flux. Some could be fired outright, and others put on leave. There is some bipartisan support for making trims to the agency, which critics say has become bloated and inefficient since it was formed in the shadow of 9/11. But some lawmakers are questioning whether Pulty should be the one making those cuts. "This administration continues to put people in places where they can't do a job, and non-serious people up for serious jobs." Democrats, along with some Republicans, have said they're concerned Pulty is a political loyalist with no national security experience. "I think it is stunning that President Trump has chosen someone who has shown not just a willingness, but an enthusiasm to go after President Trump's opponents." In addition to their concerns about his qualifications, Democrats have also raised questions about Pulty's other role in the administration, saying he used his position as head of the Federal Housing Finance Agency to carry out a retribution campaign for President Trump. In that role, which Pulty continues to hold, he's been accused of breaching federal privacy laws as he opened investigations into Trump's perceived political enemies. Now, Democrats worry he will use his new position to pursue Trump's grievances even further. Trump has said that Pultie is expected to work on election security matters, which has raised concerns from some officials that Pultie could try to influence the midterm elections.
废水监测的兴起:公共卫生与隐私权的边界冲突
除了高层政治和情报机构的权力重组,国家权力也在以更隐蔽的技术手段延伸至社会公共治理的末梢,其中最显著的便是废水监测技术的推广。在亚利桑那州坦佩市,市政工作人员定期掀开下水道井盖并收集废水样本,每周检测两次,以寻找非法药物痕迹。《纽约时报》健康记者简·霍夫曼(Jan Hoffman)指出,这种废水药物检测(Wastewater Drug Testing: 通过分析市政污水中的特定化学成分来评估社区范围内药物滥用情况的技术)类似于新冠大流行期间追踪病毒的方法,目前在全国范围内正变得越来越普遍。其目的并非识别个人的药物使用情况,而是为了获取特定区域的整体趋势。官方已从密苏里州和新墨西哥州的高中、肯塔基州的卡车停靠站,以及新奥尔良的超级碗和狂欢节庆祝活动中收集样本。支持者认为,这是实时监测药物滥用和贩运最快速、最有效的方法,可以帮助确定哪些社区正在遭受新型毒品的侵害,从而让救护车配备更多解毒药物纳洛酮(Narcan: 一种用于快速逆转阿片类药物过量的紧急药物),并在受灾社区发放应急服务与康复宣传册。然而,批评者指出,一旦警方掌握了这些信息,它可能会被用于惩罚而非治愈和帮助人们。在全国各地的市政厅和听证会上,部分居民对这种在未经同意的情况下进行的检测表达了担忧。尽管如此,最高法院在 20 世纪 80 年代裁定,当人们把垃圾放在路边时,就意味着放弃了对它的隐私权主张;推而广之,任何你冲下马桶的东西都无需搜查令即可检测。
Original English Source
I recently traveled around Tempe, Arizona with a city crew as they lifted up manhole covers and collected wastewater samples to be tested twice a week for evidence of illicit drugs running through the city sewers. Jan Hoffman is a health reporter at the Times. She says wastewater testing for drugs, which is similar to the method used to track COVID during the pandemic, is becoming increasingly common across the country. It's not to ID individuals drug use, but to get a sense of what's happening in a specific area. Officials have been collecting samples from high schools in Missouri and New Mexico, truck stops in Kentucky, and Super Bowl and Mardi Gras celebrations in New Orleans. Supporters of wastewater drug testing say this is the best and fastest way to look at drug use and drug trafficking in real time as it's happening. This can be a way of finding out which neighborhoods are suffering from infiltrations of new drugs, ambulances can go out with more Narcan, the overdose reversing medication, pamphlets for emergency services and rehab can be scattered throughout a neighborhood, and lots of prevention and other intervention techniques can occur. But critics say that particularly when police get hold of the information, it can be used to punish people rather than to help them and heal them. And beyond the tension between public health and law enforcement, now some private employers are beginning to discuss whether their office buildings should be occasionally tested for drug use as a way of randomly drug checking their employees. Jan says that at town halls and hearings across the country, some residents have raised fears that the testing is taking place without consent and that some of the agencies collecting data, including police, don't disclose how they're using the test results. Still, experts say that wastewater searches are almost certainly legal. In the 1980s, the Supreme Court ruled that when people put their trash out on the curb, they abandoned privacy claims to it. By extension, Jan says, no warrant is needed to check whatever you flush down the toilet.
TikTok 病毒式传播与高蛋白狂热:茅屋奶酪的意外复兴
当公共废水的检测技术在法律与隐私的博弈中走向普及,居民日常排放的物质也在悄然记录着大众饮食消费习惯的巨变——近期备受瞩目的便是高蛋白食品的疯狂流行。在食品消费领域,茅屋奶酪(Cottage Cheese: 一种未经长期熟化、保留较多乳清、呈颗粒状且富含蛋白质的鲜奶酪)正经历一场意想不到的复兴。该乳制品在 20 世纪 70 年代达到鼎盛,当时美国人平均每年食用约 5 磅,此后便一路下滑。长期以来,许多人将其视为无趣、平淡的代名词,甚至是被遗忘在沙拉吧尽头无人问津的食品。然而在过去几年里,它迎来了强势回归,甚至在超市货架上供不应求,商家面临严重的缺货压力。这股风潮的背后是美国消费者对蛋白质最大化(Protein Maxing: 旨在通过日常膳食摄入尽可能多的蛋白质以增肌或控制体重的饮食趋势)的狂热追求。得益于茅屋奶酪极高的蛋白质含量,它成为了众多TikTok(一款流行的短视频社交媒体平台)病毒式食谱的主角,例如用其制作高蛋白水牛城辣鸡酱或冰淇淋,彻底改变了人们对它的认知。尽管制造商正全力提高产能,例如有公司将年产量从 2400 万磅提升至 9000 万磅,但由于部分产品需要长达 16 小时的培养发酵时间,这导致目前市场上依然存在严重的品牌供货短缺。
Original English Source
And finally, cottage cheese did not used to be cool. It hit its peak in the 1970s when the average American was eating about 5 lb of it per year and just dropped off from there. For a long time, a lot of people thought of it as soulless, bland, that tub at the end of the salad bar you were not touching. But in last few years, it's come roaring back. And that is if you can find it on the shelves. Cottage cheese is having such a moment, stores are having trouble keeping it in stock. "Today, I'm going to show you how to make this high-protein buffalo chicken dip. Naturally, we had to make a new cottage cheese dip recipe because I cannot get enough of this." A big part of it is that Americans have become obsessed with protein. They are protein maxing. And thanks to cottage cheese's high protein content, it has become the star of a lot of viral recipes. When people find out you can make ice cream with it, oh boy, game over. "Oh my word, you guys. It's so freaking creamy." One dairy company told the Times, cottage cheese was basically dying off before Tik Tok made it a thing again and sales took off quote "like a brushfire." Manufacturers are trying to keep up, but you can't rush cottage cheese. In some cases, it takes 16 hours to culture. More production capacity is coming. One company's going to from making 24 million pounds a year to 90 million pounds, for example, but for now people are reporting shortages, especially for the in brands because yes, there are now hot brands for cottage cheese.
移民法庭内部的大清洗与司法独立危机
在这种大众消费热潮与公共政策变迁并存的社会图景中,司法系统的底层基石也正承受着来自行政权力的政治冲击。今日《每日新闻》(The Daily)节目揭露了美国移民法庭(Immigration Court: 负责裁决非公民在美拘留、驱逐或庇护申请的行政司法系统)内部的混乱。在特朗普总统的执政期间,法庭每隔几周就会有法官遭到成批解雇,一次可能涉及六、七、八、九甚至十名法官。许多法官在一天的工作中途被直接带离法庭。这一系列针对法官的清洗与施压行动,旨在强制执行其大规模驱逐出境的施政议程,严重威胁了司法独立与法治根基。
Original English Source
Today on the daily, it was like every couple weeks we were getting mass firings of judges, six, seven, eight, nine, 10 judges at a time. And a lot of those judges were like walked off the bench in the middle of the day. A look at the chaos inside the immigration court system as President Trump has purged judges and pressured others to carry out his mass deportation agenda. You can listen to that in the New York Times app or wherever you get your podcasts. I'm Tracy Mumford. We'll be back tomorrow.