从万亿身家到舆论风暴:埃隆·马斯克的“资产减半”与神话退潮 House of El: AI 2026-07-31

缩水的首位万亿富翁:太空与电动车巨头的市值大失血

六周之前,埃隆·马斯克的身家曾高达 1.45 万亿美元。然而,根据《福布斯》最新的估算,他的净资产已缩水至约 6950 亿美元。这意味着在短短一个半月的时间里,他失去了约 7500 亿美元。这个惊人的数字几乎等于全球富豪榜上紧随其后的三位富豪——拉里·佩奇(Larry Page)、谢尔盖·布林(Sergey Brin)和杰夫·贝佐斯(Jeff Bezos)的资产总和。

这场财富蒸发的背后是马斯克旗下两大王牌公司的股价暴跌。今年 6 月 12 日,SpaceX(Space Exploration Technologies Corp.:由马斯克创立的商业航天巨头)完成了历史上规模最大的 IPO,募集了 750 亿美元,一举超越沙特阿美。然而,自 6 月中旬触及每股 225.64 美元的峰值以来,SpaceX 的市值已缩水了约 1.2 万亿美元,这几乎相当于特斯拉的当前总市值。SpaceX 的股价在过去的 16 个交易日中跌了 13 天,并跌破了 135 美元的发行价,目前在 113.50 美元左右徘徊。与此同时,特斯拉(Tesla, Inc.:全球领先的电动汽车与清洁能源公司)于 2026 年 7 月 22 日公布的第二季度财报同样令人失望,虽然 282.4 亿美元的营收和 48 万辆的交付量创下了新纪录,但其营业利润暴跌 57% 至 3.98 亿美元,营业利润率也从一年前的 4.1% 萎缩至 1.4%,自由现金流更是数年来首次录得负值(负 10.9 亿美元)。

Original English

Elon Musk posted two words on X, "Former trillionaire." Six weeks earlier, he'd been worth 1.45 trillion US dollars. As of this week, Forbes put him at roughly only 695 billion US dollars, a loss of approximately 750 billion dollars in a month and a half. I mean, to lose that much net worth that quickly, you'd have to leave a briefcase filled with a hundred million dollars on the roof of your car every four minutes for six straight weeks. 750 billion dollars is nearly the combined net worth of the next three richest people on this planet, Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Jeff Bezos. This guy didn't just lose money, he lost three Bezos-es, okay?

SpaceX, which went public on June 12th in the largest IPO in history, $75 billion raised, bigger than Saudi Aramco, has lost approximately $1.2 trillion in market capitalization since hitting a peak of $225.64 per share in mid-June. That $1.2 trillion is almost exactly equal to the entire current market value of Tesla. SpaceX has lost a Tesla. Okay, the stock has fallen for 13 of the last 16 sessions, crossed below its $135 IPO price for the first time last week, and is now trading at around $113.50. Anyone who bought shares after the first two trading days is now underwater.

Meanwhile, Tesla, the company reported Q2 2026 earnings on July 22nd, just days ago, and the results were, there is no gentle way to say this, bad. Revenue was a record $28.24 billion, up 26% year-on-year, and deliveries hit a record 480,000 plus vehicles. Those are the nice numbers. Everything else is the opposite of nice. Operating income fell 57% to $398 million. Operating margin collapsed to 1.4% down from 4.1% a year ago. I mean, that sounds more like the margin of a struggling bakery trying to break even on sourdough during an egg shortage. Adjusted earnings per share came in at 33 cents against a Wall Street expectation of 53 cents. And for the first time in years, free cash flow went negative $1.09 billion, while capital expenditure jumped 142% to $5.79 billion. The stock dropped over 13% in a single session, wiping out more than And you know that I promised a meeting conclusion, here it is. Combined, SpaceX and Tesla have shed roughly $1.5 trillion in market cap in July alone.

账面幻觉:交叉持股下的“标记市场”财报游戏

在特斯拉的 Q2 财报中,隐藏着一个极其关键的财务细节:其公布的 11 亿美元 GAAP 净利润(Generally Accepted Accounting Principles:美国通用会计准则,旨在确保企业财务报告规范的统一标准)中,有高达 68.5% 的份额其实源于一项非主营业务——特斯拉对 SpaceX 的投资进行了重估。

公允价值计价(Mark-to-Market: 按照当前市场价格评估资产价值的会计方法)的准则下,由于 SpaceX 在 IPO 后股价一度大涨,特斯拉所持有的 SpaceX 股份在纸面上大幅增值,这些未实现的账面收益被直接计入了当季的净利润。然而,这笔交易没有任何实际的现金流发生,既没有多卖出一辆车,也没有多交付一件产品。这种财务机制在 SpaceX 股价上涨时能为特斯拉的报表“抹粉”,但在当前 SpaceX 股价暴跌的背景下,下季度相同的机制将产生相反的效果,将账面收益转为账面亏损。这种双子星式的股权关联和账面价值互锁,使两个本就承受估值压力的实体在下行通道中产生了共振。马斯克在纸面上所拥有的万亿财富,同样是由这种高波动、缺乏流动性且未变现的股票价格所衡量的。在没有套现并依法纳税之前,所谓的“万亿身家”仅仅是屏幕上的数字。

Original English

When Tesla reported its Q2 earnings, the company posted $1.1 billion in GAAP net income. GAAP, which is generally accepted accounting principles, is the standardized set of rules that every public company in the US has to follow when reporting its finances, basically. Think of it as the official language of corporate accounting, essentially. When a company reports GAAP net income, it just means this is the profit figure calculated according to those rules, not some super creative in-house metric designed to make things look rosier than they really are. So, $1.1 billion in GAAP net income sounds legitimate because it is by the rules, but roughly 68.5% of that number came from a single line item, the revaluation of Tesla SpaceX investment.

Tesla owns shares in SpaceX. Under accounting rules, it has to update the value of those shares every quarter to reflect the current market price. When SpaceX stock was riding high after the IPO, the value of Tesla SpaceX holdings went up on paper, and that paper gain was counted as income then. No cash changed hands, no car was sold, no product was delivered. This is basically stock prices we're talking about. Tesla's reported profit was mostly a reflection of SpaceX's stock price going up at the time. Now, standard accounting rules dictate that you must report paper gains like this as income. In corporate finance, we call this mark-to-market. In psychiatric circles, it is more commonly referred to as hallucinating. It means Tesla net income was functionally identical to claiming you're richer because your Pokémon card collection was appraised by this guy who was actively microdosing. And now SpaceX's stock price is crashing, which means next quarter the same accounting mechanism works in reverse. The paper gain becomes a paper loss. The thing that made Tesla look profitable this quarter will make it look worse next quarter. Two companies, one man, each one's headline numbers depending on the other, and both falling at the same time.

Now, I know some of you are familiar with the infinite wisdom of the crypto bros. I haven't lost anything because I haven't sold anything. That makes sense, of course. By that exact same reasoning, Elon hasn't gained anything because he hasn't sold anything. Musk's trillion-dollar net worth was measured in stock prices, volatile, illiquid, unrealized stock prices, right? Measuring wealth in shares you cannot sell during a lockup period is a bit like measuring your fitness by how fast you could run hypothetically if you ever got off the couch. I'll believe somebody is a trillionaire when the gains are realized and the taxes are paid. And if Musk wants to prove that he really is a trillionaire, the tax office would be absolutely delighted to hear from him. A company is not a person. Stock price is not wealth. Until it's in the bank account and the government has had its cut, nobody is a trillionaire, billionaire, or any other form of billionaire.

从 Edsel 到 Cybertruck:设计执念与商业滑铁卢

在特斯拉股价动荡之际,彭博社发表了一篇深度对比分析,将特斯拉的 Cybertruck(特斯拉推出的极具科幻感、采用不锈钢外壳的电动皮卡)与福特汽车在 1957 年推出的 Edsel 进行对比。Edsel 被公认为美国汽车工业史上最著名的商业惨败之一。当年福特预测 Edsel 的首年销量将达到 20 万辆,但实际仅卖出不足三分之一。Edsel 独特的垂直前格栅被嘲笑为像“马桶座圈”,其最具争议的“电触式”推按钮挡位设计被安装在方向盘正中央本属于喇叭的位置,不仅让驾驶员感到困惑,且极易损坏,导致该车型仅投产两年就被迫停产。

历史的教训在 Cybertruck 身上重演,甚至更为惨烈。马斯克最初预计 Cybertruck 年销量可达 25 万辆,然而其上市第一年的实际销量仅为 38,965 辆;到了 2025 年,销量骤降至 20,237 辆,降幅高达 48%;2026 年第一季度更是跌至 3,519 辆的历史新低。根据 S&P Global Mobility 的数据,截至 2026 年 5 月,全美仅注册了 7,133 辆 Cybertruck。为了勉强支撑销售数据,在 2025 年第四季度,约 19% 的 Cybertruck 订单竟然来自于马斯克自己的关联公司,例如 SpaceX 在其 Starbase 基地采购这些车辆组建车队。这种用一家公司的现金购买另一家公司产品的做法,暴露出销售指标背后的虚弱。

在设计哲学上,Cybertruck 和 Edsel 犯了相同的错误:为了视觉上的猎奇而牺牲了人机交互的合理性。Edsel 的失败在于反常识的排挡按钮,而特斯拉则把这种“反按钮”执念发挥到了极致——将雨刮器调节、手套箱开关甚至部分车型的转向指示灯,全部隐藏在中央触摸屏的多级菜单中。这种设计迫使驾驶员在高速行驶时,必须像在 iPad 上进行外科手术般进行盲操,严重违背了人类操作机器的直觉。

Original English

I'm really not the type of person to usually say I told you so, but while the stocks were collapsing, Bloomberg published a detailed comparison between Tesla's Cybertruck and Ford's 1957 Edsel, which is widely considered the greatest commercial failure in American automotive history. The Edsel story is very famous. Ford predicted 200,000 units in its first year. It sold less than a third of that. Its vertical grill was compared to a toilet seat. Time magazine said it looked like an Oldsmobile sucking a lemon. Ford placed a new push-button gearshift in the center of the steering wheel exactly where the horn button normally sits, which confused drivers and frequently broke. The Edsel was discontinued after only 2 years. For nearly 27 years, it's been the benchmark for how badly a car launch can go.

Well, the Cybertruck, which some of my friends suggest looks like Elon Musk himself, is doing worse. Musk projected the Cybertruck would sell up to 250,000 units annually. In its first year, it sold 38,965. In 2025, that dropped to 20,237, a 48% decline, which is also close to the acceleration of a bowling ball dropped out of a third-story window. Q1 2026 hit a record low of 3,519 deliveries, down another 45% from the same quarter a year earlier. Through May 2026, only 7,133 Cybertrucks were registered in the US, according to S&P Global Mobility data. On its current trajectory, the Cybertruck posted the steepest sales decline of any EV nameplate in the US in 2025. And even those numbers are generous. In Q4 2025, approximately 19% of all Cybertruck sales went to Musk's own companies, with SpaceX building out a fleet of Cybertrucks at its Starbase facility. He was buying his own product to inflate the numbers. Jim Cramer called it the Edsel back in 2019 when the Cybertruck was first unveiled. Buy your own product using your other company's cash to artificially prop up sales metrics is an absolute masterclass in corporate synergy, right? It's the business equivalent of taking money out of your right pocket, putting it in your left pocket, and then paying yourself a management fee for completing this blessed transaction. CFRA research equity analyst Garrett Nelson told Bloomberg that the Cybertruck is unlikely to be formally discontinued, but will more likely just fade away, which is perhaps the saddest possible outcome for a product its creator once called Tesla's best product ever. Not even killed with drama. Not even canceled with a significantly good press release. No glorious, honorable death on the marketplace battlefield. Not even an acknowledgement. Just gradually kind of forgotten while everyone pretends that it didn't happen.

And there is a spiritual parallel between the Edsel and the Cybertruck that Bloomberg didn't quite spell out, but I think is definitely worth noting. The Edsel's Teletouch, which is that push button gear shift placed in the center of the steering wheel where the horn should be, confused drivers because it put an unfamiliar control where muscle memory expected something else. We all know muscle memory is king in driving, right? Tesla has done essentially the same thing with its obsession with hiding physical buttons behind a central touchscreen. You want to adjust the windscreen wipers? Touchscreen. Want to open the glove box? Touchscreen. You want to use the turn signal in some models? Well, good luck with that. Driving it feels less like operating a vehicle and a little bit more like trying to perform emergency surgery through an iPad menu while going 70 miles an hour on the highway. The design philosophy is essentially the same. Prioritize aesthetic novelty over the way humans actually interact with machines. The Edsel did it with a gearstick. Tesla does it with an entire dashboard. Both times people hated it.

(注:原文此处插入了关于 AI 演示文稿工具 Gamma 的商业推广内容,出于聚焦马斯克核心事件的原则,译文不予保留相关推广细节。)

舆论失控与画饼危机:画大饼叙事的现实引力

在Gigafactory接受《经济学人》(The Economist)总编辑詹妮·明顿·贝多斯(Zanny Minton Beddoes)的 90 分钟专访中,马斯克直接在镜头前展现了情绪的失控。当被问及是否理解自己为何被大众“厌恶”(指向他在 X 平台上的政治干预、传播极右翼观点以及渲染欧洲和英国社会冲突等行为)时,马斯克辩称有 2.5 亿关注者证明自己很受欢迎,并反唇相讥媒体被憎恨的程度更深。

在采访结束后的数日里,马斯克继续在 X 上发起人身攻击,将该总编辑称为“西方叛徒”和“无脑NPC”。当诺贝尔奖得主、慈善主厨何塞·安德列斯(José Andrés)建议马斯克在发推前“多喝点水”并肯定记者的提问质量时,马斯克甚至将其称为“人类的敌人”。这种过激反应暴露出,他在面对基本的新闻质疑时,已经失去了应有的管理克制。

在随后的特斯拉电话会议上,马斯克虽然因身体不适致歉,但会议的具体内容并未能重振投资者信心。他一如既往地重复着关于 Optimus(特斯拉正在研发的通用 humanoid 机器人项目)和 Robotaxi(特斯拉自动驾驶共享出行出租车网络)的宏大承诺。他宣称 Optimus 将成为史上最伟大的产品,但对具体的技术量产挑战语焉不详,只是以“所有零件都是新的”作为推迟的借口。同时,特斯拉虽然宣称在 6 个城市进行了 38 万英里的“无监督自动驾驶测试且无事故”,但其对“事故”的定义完全由特斯拉自己掌控。相比之下,Alphabet 旗下的 Waymo(自动驾驶科技公司,特斯拉在 Robotaxi 领域的最主要对手)在一天内就能跑完这个测试里程,且后者的自动驾驶车队规模仍在增长。

特斯拉这种“以未来概念维持当前高股价”的估值逻辑,正在被平庸的财报和停滞的业务进度所打破。正如行业媒体 Electrek 的总结:“投资者终于发现,埃隆·马斯克的承诺并不值他们之前所支付的高额溢价。”

Original English

Anyway, back to the things that don't work. The Economist published a 90-minute interview with Elon Musk recorded at Tesla's Gigafactory in Texas. It was billed as a wide-ranging look at the world's first trillionaire, his ownership of X, and his growing political influence. Instead, one of the most discussed exchanges turned into an argument about who the public hates more. Editor-in-chief Zanny Minton Beddoes asked Musk whether he understood why people loathe him, pointing to his political interventions, his amplification of far-right views on X, and his use of the platform to suggest that the UK was on the verge of civil war, and that Europe was allegedly overrun with terrifying Muslim immigrants.

But you don't even live there. I think of it as the sort of the West collectively. But do you see why this makes people think that this man, who has all this power, he's the world's richest man, he thinks he has a right to influence our politics. It's why people loathe you. I mean, some people do loathe you. Yes, some people do. But do you understand why? Do you think what you're doing is helpful for Western democracy? Maybe some people do loathe me. I don't care. But the fact that as you pointed out a quarter billion people follow me is that I think a lot more people actually like me than don't. And I think a lot more people hate you and the media more than you realize.

If that's where the story ended, it would just be kind of an awkward interview moment between a billionaire and a journalist, but it didn't end there. Of course not. Over the following days, Musk went on X and called Beddoes a traitor to the west, plain and simple, a woke NPC with zero self-awareness and an unthinking NPC. Celebrity chef Jose Andres, who is a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, weighed in, telling Musk to drink a glass of water before you tweet and saying that Beddoes was a great journalist who asked good questions. Musk called him an enemy to humanity. Calling a renowned humanitarian chef an enemy to humanity for suggesting you hydrate is certainly a choice. Usually, when somebody's primary defense mechanism against basic journalism is calling people woke NPCs and declaring war on the world-famous soup suppliers, it's a subtle sign that the investment thesis might be losing a bit of structural integrity. A journalist asked a good question, a billionaire couldn't handle it, and 4 days of name-calling followed. Without making any speculation about what is going on here, I'm just going to observe that when somebody is still talking about something 4 days later, it's usually not because it didn't affect them.

And then there was the earnings call itself, the holy grail. On the call, Musk apologized for being off, saying, "Pardon me, I'm a little bit under the weather here. I'm a bit ill, so if I sound a little off, I'm a little bit ill today." He was audibly struggling, starting sentences, stopping, restarting. I mean, I really hope that he feels better soon. The substance of the call was not reassuring at all. Musk spent it repeating promises about Optimus and robotaxis that are functionally identical to the promises he made last quarter and the quarter before that and the quarter before that. Optimus will be the biggest product ever. No humanoid robots today can do generalized tasks without programming, but Optimus will be the first. He didn't really elaborate beyond saying production is starting soon and that this is going to be the hardest product to scale manufacturing that we've ever made at Tesla because everything on the robot is new, which is sure, of course, but at some point, this is really hard stops being a reason to invest and kind of starts being a reason to worry a little bit. Soon, in Tesla's terms, has become a flexible temporal concept residing somewhere between next quarter and the heat death of the universe, no?

The robotaxi data was not encouraging, either. Tesla reported 380,000 unsupervised miles across six cities with zero notable incidents, but Tesla defines what counts as notable, by the way. Waymo logs that many miles in roughly a day. The active unsupervised fleet has actually been shrinking, not growing. And the stock, which was already falling after the earning sprint, dropped further during the call itself. Electric summary cut to the very core. They said, "Here's what today really is. Investors finding out that Elon Musk's word isn't worth what they've been paying for." And lurking in the background of the entire call was the question nobody really wanted to ask directly, the long-rumored merger of Tesla and SpaceX. Musk didn't rule it out. "We cannot talk about combining companies on an earnings call. It's got to be done with the appropriate process." Two companies, both bleeding value, both dependent on each other's stock price for their headline number, both run by one single man. Tying two sinking ships together doesn't make an aircraft carrier. It just ensures they both hit the ocean floor at roughly the same time. But it would solve the circular dependency problem, because if they're the same entity, the paper gain from one doesn't need to be accounted for as income in the other. It would also concentrate an extraordinary amount of risk in a single corporate structure, which is the kind of thing that makes regulators reach for their reading glasses.

So, the first human being in history to be worth a trillion dollars had his fortune cut in half in six weeks. His car company's operating margin is 1.4%. His truck is officially a bigger commercial failure than the Edsel. His rocket company's stock has lost an entire Tesla in value. He called a journalist a traitor and a chef an enemy to humanity. And his earnings call consisted of the same promises he's been making for 3 years, delivered while admitting he felt unwell. The highs and lows of Elon Musk's Q3 in a nutshell.

📌 文中提及的人物和组织

人物: Elon Musk

公司/组织: SpaceX, Tesla, Ford, Bloomberg

产品/模型: Cybertruck, Optimus

关键字: elon-musk corporate-governance stock-market-volatility mark-to-market