劳动力市场的表面繁荣与底层逻辑:零增长的新常态
本周五发布的非农就业报告(Non-farm Payrolls: 美国衡量新增就业的关键数据)极大地出乎市场意料。在经历了 2 月份修正后惨淡的 13 万个岗位流失后,3 月新增 17.8 万个岗位的强劲反弹和失业率的微降,促使市场立即定价了一个更加鹰派(Hawkish: 倾向于加息或维持高利率以对抗通胀的政策立场)的路径。对于期待降息的投资者而言,这意味着只要就业市场不出现裂痕,在通胀高于目标的情况下,美联储就缺乏降息的动机。
然而,美联储内部的一项有趣研究提供了不同的视角:劳动力人口增长(Labor Force Growth: 进入市场寻找工作的人数增长)正在发生结构性停滞。受移民政策收紧和婴儿潮一代(Boomers)大规模退休导致的劳动参与率(Participation Rate: 适龄人口中在职或求职者的比例)下降影响,今年美国劳动力人口预计将接近零增长。在这种背景下,即使每月新增岗位为零,失业率也可能保持稳定。这意味着单一的非农数据可能不再能真实反映经济热度。事实上,工资增速的持续放缓、职位空缺数(JOLTS Report)的下降,以及就业增长几乎完全依赖于老龄化带动的医疗行业,都表明劳动力市场的实际需求正在加速疲软。
Original English Source
Last week was a very volatile week in markets, totally headline driven. Starting with the labor market. In February, we had a shockingly bad non-formance perils report... we got a loss of 90,000 jobs. On Friday, the market was still expecting some degree of jobs growth but what we got was far beyond anyone's expectations. 178,000 jobs created. But more importantly though, the unemployment rate ticked lower. The Fed's mandate is full employment and price stability. With the unemployment rate ticking lower, the market immediately priced in a more hogish path of policy.
Now we have very interesting research from the Fed helping us understand how the Fed could be looking at the labor market. The amount of jobs you create each month to maintain your unemployment rate has to have some link with your overall growth of your labor market. But what's happening now is because the Trump administration has been enforcing immigration law... and because boomers are aging... the labor force actually this year is expected to not grow at all. According to this research, the amount of jobs created each month that would maintain the unemployment rate is basically around zero. Even if we were to get a zero NFP print, that's not a cause for alarm.
The totality of the data still suggests to me that the labor market is weakening. One way you can see this is the steady deceleration in wages. If you look at the Jolts report, the number of job openings per person looking for a job continues to decline. If you look at where the job growth has been the past year, it's basically entirely been in health care.
伊朗战争升级阶梯:地面进攻与“石油气穴”风险
地缘政治局势正沿着皮特·帕普教授(Professor Pap)描述的升级阶梯(Escalation Ladder: 冲突从低强度向高强度演进的过程)稳步攀升。特朗普总统近期的言论已从早期的“政权更迭”转向对伊朗工业能力的彻底摧毁,甚至威胁要将其送回“石器时代”。目前局势正处于极其危险的转折点:美军可能发动的地面进攻。由于伊朗国土辽阔且地形复杂,1-2 万名海军陆战队的地面行动极易陷入类似越南战争的泥潭(Quagmire: 难以脱身的困境),并引发无休止的兵力增援和巨额预算支出。
这种冲突对能源市场的冲击正在通过滞后效应显现。尽管霍尔木兹海峡(Strait of Hormuz)已经关闭,但由于海运到港需要数周时间,过去几周市场消耗的仍是关闭前的存量。分析师警告称,未来两周全球石油供应将遭遇一个气穴(Air Pocket: 供应链中由于突发中断导致的供应瞬间真空期),届时石油到货量将锐减。伊朗已经展现了其通过打击海湾国家设施进行报复的能力,一旦其发动自杀式攻击导致海湾国家生产能力永久受损,即使重新开放海峡也无法解决长期的供应短缺,这将直接导致全球性经济衰退。
Original English Source
Secondly, we have to talk about the ongoing war in Iran because it looks like we are steadily climbing Professor Pap's escalation ladder. A ground invasion of Iran appears imminent. The rhetoric it really has shifted to more of an outright destruction of Iran's industrial capacity. The president has been talking about sending them back to the stone ages.
Every time the US tries to have some kind of step down, the person they negotiate with, it gets killed by Israel. US and Israel are on the same team, but they have different goals. Yesterday Iranian air defenses shot down a fighter jet. A leaked intelligence report suggests Iran actually still has about 50% of their missiles.
If you look at oil prices, the ultimate tell here is that oil prices continue to trend higher. There's some interesting work done by some analysts that suggest that in the coming weeks that the oil market is going to hit an air pocket. Between the time the ships leave the street of Hamus to when they land at their respective ports that's a period of a few weeks. Next week and the week after it seems to be a time where we could hear an air pocket where there's no oil arriving from there. When that pocket hits you could have oil prices definitely react in a nonlinear way.
By all accounts the US is preparing some degree of ground operation in Iran. A ground invasion into Iran is basically a suicide mission. Iran is vast. It has a million man army. Reinforcements beget more reinforcements. And just like Vietnam, maybe one day you wake up and you have a sizable contingency there.
石油美元的终结与能源独立的迷思
针对当前局势,有两个关键的认知误区:首先是“石油美元体系”的现状。虽然伊朗目前接受人民币(RMB)结算以规避制裁,但事实上,经典的石油美元体系(Petrodollar System: 产油国出口石油换取美元并回流美国国债的循环)在十年前就已经名存实亡。由于美国页岩油竞争导致油价下行,以及海湾国家由于国内多元化建设导致的盈余缩减,产油国对美国国债的边际需求早已大幅下降。
其次是认为美国由于“能源独立”可以免受油价上涨冲击。这完全是错误的。石油是一个全球化市场(Global Market),即使美国产量充足,当日本或欧洲因为海湾供应中断而竞标全球资源时,美国国内的成品油价格必然会随之起飞。这种价格传导机制意味着美国消费者仍将面临高昂的通胀压力,全球经济衰退对美国而言同样是巨大的灾难。随着特朗普发出 48 小时最后通牒,局势正朝着不可控的方向演进。
Original English Source
I hear some reports saying that guys, this is not going to affect the US because the US is energy independent. That is totally totally wrong. Oil is a global market. So in a global market when some regions have shortages then they will bid for oil in other regions. That pushes US prices up. And so at the end of the day, US consumers face higher oil prices. If you have a permanent decline in supply of oil, that is a global recession. The US will suffer.
One other note, it's about the quote unquote petro dollar system. Iran is receiving payment in R&B. The petro dollar system is something that is kind of more of a historic relic than something that's relevant today. Once upon a time the US and Saudi Arabia had a secret agreement whereas Saudi Arabia selling oil to the US receives dollars would reinvest those dollars into US treasuries... However though that system basically ended about a decade ago. The reason being that the oil countries really weren't making that much of a surplus. Saudi Arabia began to invest more of their surplus into their own country trying to diversify their economy. So that system is more of a description of what happened in the past than how it is today.
This morning the president tweeted out a 48 hour ultimatum to Iran. It looks like we're going to have further escalation. Remember US and Israel are nuclear powers. It's possible that Israel could use nuclear weapons. This is a very dangerous situation.
📌 文中提及的人物和组织
人物: Trump
公司/组织: Federal Reserve