特朗普20亿美元芯片协议:重塑美国资本主义与地缘政治的新模式 Patrick Boyle 2025-08-15

特朗普芯片协议:重塑美国资本主义的新模式

本周,英伟达(Nvidia: 一家全球领先的图形处理器和人工智能芯片制造商)和AMD(Advanced Micro Devices: 一家全球性的半导体公司,主要设计和销售计算机处理器及相关技术)达成一项协议,同意向美国政府支付其在中国芯片销售收入的15%。此举重写了美国资本主义的规则。这并非作为税收或特许权使用费,而是作为获得向中国出口近期受限的AI芯片许可的代价。这不是关税,也不是许可费,甚至不是罚款。它是一种分成,是企业收入直接交给联邦政府以换取出口权。

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In a move that rewrites the rules of American capitalism, Nvidia and AMD have agreed this week to pay the US government 15% of the revenues from chip sales in China. Not as a tax or as a royalty, but as a price for permission to export recently restricted AI chips to China. This is not a tariff. It's not a licensing fee. It's not even a penalty. It's a cut, a direct slice of corporate revenue handed to the federal government in exchange for the right to export.

这项由总统亲自斡旋的协议,适用于英伟达H20(Nvidia H20: 英伟达为符合美国出口管制而专门设计的一款AI芯片)和AMD AI芯片(AMD AI Chips: AMD公司对应英伟达H20的AI芯片产品),这两款芯片都经过专门设计以符合早前的出口限制。作为交换,两家公司每年将向美国财政部(US Treasury: 负责管理美国联邦政府财政的部门)支付约20亿美元。

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The deal, personally brokered by the president, applies to Nvidia's H20 and AMD's equivalent AI chips, both of which were specifically designed to comply with earlier export restrictions. In return for export licenses, the companies will pay the US Treasury an estimated $2 billion per year.

这并非美国贸易政策应有的运作方式。传统上,出口管制(Export Controls: 政府限制或禁止某些商品、技术或服务出口的政策,通常出于国家安全或外交政策考虑)是二元的,基于国家安全决策。要么可以合理地向国外销售某种特定产品,要么就不行。人们会认为国家安全问题是不可谈判的。然而,这项协议引入了第三种类别:如果价格合适,就“足够安全”。这是一种交易型模式,它开创了一个先例,可能会重塑美国政府与商界互动的方式。

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This is not how American trade policy is supposed to work. Traditionally, export controls are binary and based on national security decisions. Either it's reasonable to sell a particular product abroad or it isn't. You would think that national security concerns are non-negotiable. But this deal introduces a third category, safe enough if the price is right. It's a transactional model which sets a precedent which could reshape how the US government interacts with the business community.

根据伯恩斯坦研究(Bernstein Research: 一家知名的全球投资研究公司)的估计,英伟达今年可能在中国销售150万颗H20芯片,产生约230亿美元的收入,而AMD将贡献另外8亿美元的销售额。这笔总收入的15%分成,将为美国财政部带来约21亿美元。

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Based on estimates from Bernstein Research, Nvidia would likely sell 1.5 million H20 chips in China this year, generating about $23 billion in revenue, with AMD contributing another $800 million in sales. A 15% cut of that total yields roughly $2.1 billion to the US Treasury.

国家安全与经济影响:实用主义还是战略失误?

或许你认为这些都不重要,这些芯片只是为聊天机器人和翻译工具提供动力。但如果你担心人工智能的军事应用,这项协议看起来就不再是实用主义,而更像是一项战略失误。特朗普谈判达成的15%溢价,可能甚至低于中国AI公司通过第三国走私这些芯片时已经支付的费用。从这个角度看,这并非意外之财,而是一种折扣。

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Now, maybe you think none of this matters, that these chips are just powering chat bots and translation tools. But if you worry about the military applications of AI, a deal like this starts to look less like pragmatism and more like a strategic blunder. And the 15% premium that Trump negotiated, it's probably less than what Chinese AI firms were already paying to smuggle these chips in through third countries. In that light, this isn't a windfall. It's a discount.

一些报道曾提出更高的年销售额预测,达到50亿至70亿美元。但这些预测假设了完美条件:完全的市场准入,没有中国国内竞争,以及最大销量的销售。这种情景将要求英伟达和AMD占据中国AI芯片市场的100%,这在长期来看既不可能也不可持续,特别是当像华为(Huawei: 一家全球领先的信息与通信技术解决方案供应商)这样的中国公司正在竞相开发本土替代品时。

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Now, some reporting has floated higher sales figures, 5 to7 billion dollar annually. But these projections assume perfect conditions, full market access, no domestic Chinese competition, and maximum volumes being sold. That scenario would require Nvidia and AMD to capture 100% of China's AI chip market, which is both unlikely and unsustainable in the long term, especially when Chinese firms like Huawei are racing to develop homegrown alternatives.

即使达到上限,这些数字在联邦财政背景下仍然微不足道。美国政府每天的开支约为186亿美元。这意味着这20亿美元的意外之财,仅能覆盖政府约两个半小时的开支。如果国家安全风险真实存在,这与其说是一笔意外之财,不如说是联邦预算中的一个四舍五入误差,以及为国家安全支付的极低价格。

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Even if the upper bound were reached, the numbers are still trivial in the context of federal finances. The US government spends around $18.6 billion per day. Meaning that this $2 billion windfall covers about 2 and 1/2 hours of government spending. It's not so much a windfall as a rounding error in the federal budget and an insanely low price to be paid for national security if the risks are real.

批评人士认为,特朗普可能为了区区小钱,放弃了美国技术遏制战略的关键支柱。前国家安全委员会(National Security Council: 负责向总统提供国家安全和外交政策建议的机构)中国问题专家丽莎·托宾(Liza Tobin)告诉《金融时报》(Financial Times: 一家国际知名的商业新闻报纸),北京看到华盛顿将出口许可变成收入来源,一定在幸灾乐祸。她问道:“接下来会怎样?让洛克希德·马丁(Lockheed Martin: 一家全球领先的航空航天、国防、安全和先进技术公司)以15%的佣金向中国出售F-35(F-35: 一款由洛克希德·马丁公司设计生产的单座、单发、全天候多功能隐形战斗机)吗?”

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Critics argue that Trump may have surrendered a key pillar of America's tech containment strategy for spare change. Liza Tobin, a former National Security Council, China expert, told the Financial Times that Beijing must be gloating to see Washington turn export licenses into revenue streams. What's next? she asked, letting Loheed Martin sell F-35s to China for a 15% commission.

特朗普方面并未掩饰这项协议的交易性质。在一次新闻发布会上,他表示英伟达的首席执行官曾要求解除出口限制,而他最初要求20%的分成,最终被讨价还价降至15%。

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Trump, for his part, is not hiding the transactional nature of the deal. At a press conference, he said that Nvidia's CEO had asked for a release on export restrictions and that Trump asked for 20% and was haggled down to 15%.

这不仅仅是一项新协议,更是一种新学说。正如CNN(Cable News Network: 美国有线电视新闻网)所言,特朗普开启了一个“敲诈式资本主义”(Shakedown Capitalism: 指政府或权力机构通过施压、勒索等非市场手段,从企业获取利益的经济模式)的时代。

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This isn't just a new deal, it's a new doctrine. As CNN put it, Trump has ushered in an era of shakedown capitalism.

法律基础与宪法争议:交易型治理的挑战

前白宫技术官员亚伦·巴特尼克(Aaron Bartnik)告诉《金融时报》,这本质上只是联邦政府允许英伟达和AMD损害美国国家安全的“回扣”。这项协议的法律基础充其量也只是站不住脚。美国宪法的出口条款(Export Clause: 美国宪法第一条第九款规定,任何州出口的物品不得征收税费或关税)禁止对出口商品征收税费或关税,而《出口管制改革法案》(Export Controls Reform Act: 一项美国法律,旨在规范两用物品和技术的出口,禁止对出口许可证收取费用)则禁止收取出口许可证费用。这15%的分成是否属于其中任何一种尚不明确,但它在交易达成与宪法越权(Constitutional Overreach: 指政府或其分支机构超越宪法赋予的权力范围)之间走钢丝。

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Aaron Bartnik, a former White House tech official, told the FT that this is essentially just a kickback to the federal government for allowing Nvidia and AMD to undermine US national security. The legal basis for this deal is shaky at best. The US Constitution's Export Clause prohibits taxes or duties on exports, and the Export Controls Reform Act bars fees for export licenses. Whether this 15% cut qualifies as either is unclear, but it walks a fine line between deal making and constitutional overreach.

这类协议也并非孤例。它是一个更广泛模式的一部分,即总统通过交易而非原则进行治理。许多关于这项协议的新闻听起来像是公司和美国经济的双赢。但事实果真如此吗?它将如何塑造人工智能产业?

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This type of deal isn't a one-off either. It's part of a broader pattern of a presidency that governs by deal, not doctrine. A lot of the news on this deal made it sound like a win for both the companies and the US economy. But is it really? And how will it shape the AI industry?

访问ground.news/pb,你会发现许多媒体遗漏的信息:专家们对经济和国家安全风险的警告。在这篇报道的数百个消息来源中,90%被评为高度事实性,我相信这些观点值得关注。我们错过的消息可能影响市场、重写法规,并重复交易,而我们甚至没有机会质疑。这就是为什么我认为Ground News(Ground News: 一个新闻聚合平台,旨在通过比较不同来源的报道来提供更全面的视角)是我们目前最重要的工具之一。多年来,我一直依赖他们的应用程序和网站来比较报道并追踪塑造我们认知、市场反应和长期风险的事实差异,这些数据我在其他任何地方都未曾见过。这很重要,因为这项协议可能开启一种新模式,华盛顿将从经济的巨大份额中收取“租金”,甚至外国政府也可能开始效仿,除非我们及时关注。这就是我与Ground News合作的原因,这样我的观众就能以近一半的价格追踪经济、外交事务等。访问ground.news/pb,每月5美元即可获得我使用的无限优势计划。点击我的描述中的链接或扫描二维码。我相信这是做出明智决策的一项小投资。

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Go to ground.news/pb and you'll find something many outlets missed. experts warning about the economic and national security risks. With 90% of the hundreds of sources reporting on this story rated as being highly factual, I can trust these perspectives are worth paying attention to. The news we miss can move markets, rewrite regulations, and repeat deals without us ever having the chance to question it. That's why I think ground news is one of the most important tools we have right now. I've relied on their app and website for years to compare coverage and track the factual differences shaping everything from our perception, market reactions, and long-term risks with data I've never seen anywhere else. Which is important because this deal could be the start of a new model where Washington collects rent on huge chunks of the economy and maybe even foreign governments will start to copy it, too. unless we pay attention before it's too late. That's why I partnered with Ground News so my viewers can track the economy, foreign affairs, and more for nearly half the price. Get the same unlimited vantage plan I use for $5 a month when you go to ground.news/pb. Click the link in my description or scan the QR code. I believe it's a small investment in making informed decisions.

在特朗普执政下的华盛顿,政策似乎不是被制定出来的,而是被谈判出来的。如果你是英伟达,在中国开展业务的成本就是向美国财政部支付15%的分成。这项芯片协议并非在委员会会议室中构思,也不是由贸易律师和国家安全专家讨论敲定的。它完全是在椭圆形办公室(Oval Office: 美国总统在白宫的正式办公室,象征着总统的最高权力)中形成的,英伟达的首席执行官直接向总统陈述了他们的理由。

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In Trump's Washington, policy doesn't appear to be written. It's instead bargain for. And if you're invidia, the cost of doing business in China is a 15% cut to the US Treasury. The chip deal wasn't conceived in a committee room or hashed out by trade lawyers and national security experts. It was entirely forged in the Oval Office where Nvidia's CEO made his case directly to the president.

结果是,一项快速批准的协议,它看起来不像深思熟虑的治理,而更像是在行政自由裁量权大门前仓促收取的“通行费”。这绝非孤立事件,而是一种模式。苹果(Apple: 一家全球知名的科技公司,以其消费电子产品、软件和在线服务而闻名)的首席执行官蒂姆·库克(Tim Cook)曾赠送给特朗普一块镶金牌匾,并承诺在美国投资6000亿美元。几天后,特朗普宣布计划对芯片进口征收新关税,但表示苹果将幸免。巧合吗?也许吧,但在特朗普的经济中,奉承能让你走得很远,而正确的会面可以改写政策。《金融时报》的编辑委员会将此描述为“付费游戏”(Pay-to-play: 指通过支付金钱或提供其他好处来获得特殊待遇或影响政策的行为)。

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The result, a fast-tracked approval and a deal that looks less like thoughtful governance and more like a hastily arranged toll collected at the gates of executive discretion. This is by no means an isolated incident. It's a pattern. Apple's Tim Cook gifted Trump a goldmounted plaque and pledged $600 billion in US investment. Days later, Trump announced plans for new tariffs on chip imports, but said that Apple would be spared. Coincidence? Maybe, but in Trump's economy, flattery will get you a long way and the right meeting can rewrite policy. The editorial board of the FT describes this as paytoplay.

另一方面,特朗普称之为“交易”。无论如何,规则是明确的。如果你想在有限干扰下销售、投资或运营,你需要与总统建立关系。我们现在看到的是通过谈判而非立法进行的治理。市场的“无形之手”(Invisible Hand: 亚当·斯密提出的经济学概念,指在自由市场中,个人追求自身利益的行为最终会促进社会整体利益)已被总统“有形之握”(Visible Hand: 借用“无形之手”的概念,指政府或特定权力主体直接干预市场和经济活动)所取代。首席执行官们不再仅仅是管理公司,他们还在管理与特朗普的关系。而那些无法承担“入场费”的公司,则只能在一个随总统情绪而变化的监管环境中摸索前行。

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Trump, on the other hand, calls it dealmaking. Either way, the rules are clear. If you want to sell, invest, or operate with limited interference, you need a presidential relationship. What we're seeing now is governance by negotiation, not legislation. The invisible hand of the market has been replaced by the visible handshake of the president. CEOs are no longer just managing companies. They're managing their relationships with Trump. And those who can't afford the price of admission, they're left to navigate a regulatory landscape that shifts with the president's mood.

对于任何国家来说,领导人不断干预私营企业,在不承担其成败风险的情况下为它们做决策,都不是好事。历史上,选民们担心左倾政党干预企业会损害其利益。而现在,我们似乎不得不担心两方面。这种新现实的影响是深远的。长期规划变得不可能,合规性变成了讨价还价,而公共政策与个人恩惠之间的界限变得模糊,这在新兴市场比在美国这样的发达经济体更为常见。

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It's not good for any country to have a leader constantly inserting himself into private businesses, making decisions for them while having no stake in their success or failure. Historically, voters worried about left-leaning parties interfering in businesses to their detriment. And now it appears we have to worry about both sides. The implications of this new reality are profound. Long-term planning becomes impossible. Compliance becomes bargaining. And the line between public policy and personal favor blurs into something more familiar in emerging markets than in an advanced economy like the United States.

黄仁勋(Jensen Huang: 英伟达的联合创始人、首席执行官兼总裁),虽然在特朗普就职典礼上的科技巨头聚会中明显缺席,但他通过利用英伟达的战略重要性,仍然设法找到了进入的途径。他的策略奏效了,但也开创了一个先例,即游说而非法律,才是通向政策和商业成功的道路。

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Jensen Hong, who was notably absent from Trump's tech broligarchy at the inauguration, still managed to find a way in by leveraging Nvidia's strategic importance. His tactic worked, but it also set a precedent that lobbying, not law, is the path to policy and business success.

这不仅仅是一种新的领导风格,它是美国资本主义的一种新“操作系统”,其中行政权力是个人化的、自由裁量的和交易性的。尽管特朗普的支持者将其誉为大胆的实用主义,认为美国有了一位“首席执行官”,但批评者却看到了别的东西:一个正在重写行政权力边界,甚至可能改写宪法的总统任期。

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This isn't simply a new style of leadership. It's a new operating system for American capitalism, one where executive power is personalized, discretionary, and transactional. And while Trump's supporters hail it as bold pragmatism where the United States has a CEO, critics see something else, a presidency that's rewriting the boundaries of executive power and possibly the constitution.

法律基础与宪法争议:交易型治理的挑战

宪法的一些部分可以解释,但第一条第九款并非如此。它规定“任何州出口的物品不得征收税费或关税”。然而,特朗普政府达成了一项协议,看起来非常像宪法所禁止的出口税。

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Some parts of the constitution are open to interpretation, but article 1, section 9 is not one of them. It states that no tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. And yet, the Trump administration has struck a deal that looks suspiciously like a constitutionally prohibited export tax.

如果它不是税,那么它可能被视为出口许可证,但这也不太行得通。根据《出口管制改革法案》,政府也被禁止对出口许可证收取费用。这并非技术细节,而是一种直接的法律约束。

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If it's not a tax, it could then be seen as an export license, but that doesn't really work either. Under the Export Controls Reform Act, the government is also prohibited from charging fees for export licenses. That's not a technicality. It's a direct legal constraint.

政府坚称这既不是税,也不是关税,也不是许可费。他们说,这只是一项协议。但如果它不是税也不是费,那它是什么?一笔捐赠?一份贡品?比语义问题更令人不安的是其过程,或者说缺乏过程。国会在这项安排中没有发挥任何作用。没有举行听证会,没有进行投票,也没有任何监督。只有椭圆形办公室里的一次握手,一份新闻稿,以及一笔流向财政部的微薄收入。

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The administration insists that this isn't a tax, a duty, or a licensing fee. It's just a deal, they say. But if it's not a tax or a fee, what is it? A donation, a tribute? More troubling than the semantics is the process or lack thereof. Congress had no role in this arrangement. No hearings were held. There were no votes. There was no oversight. Just a handshake in the Oval Office, a press release, and a tiny revenue stream directed to the Treasury.

正如彼得森国际经济研究所(Peterson Institute for International Economics: 一家位于华盛顿特顿的非营利性、无党派的国际经济政策研究机构)的加里·赫夫鲍尔(Gary Hufbauer)所说,这并非我们国家历史上做生意的方式。法律上的模糊性因执行瘫痪而加剧。谁会提起诉讼?英伟达或AMD不会,他们是受益者。英伟达在5月份不得不对其未售出的H20库存进行45亿美元的减记,而现在它得以销售所有这些芯片,甚至更多。没有明确的原告,法院可能永远不会介入,这使得这项协议处于宪法上的“悬而未决”(Constitutional Limbo: 指一项法律或政策的合宪性未被法院裁决,处于不确定状态)状态,未经检验,未受挑战,并可能开创先例。

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As Gary Huffbower of the Peterson Institute put it, that's not how historically we've done business in this country. The legal ambiguity is compounded by enforcement paralysis. Who's going to sue? Not Nvidia or AMD. They are beneficiaries. Nvidia had to take a $4.5 billion write down on its unsold H20 inventory in May. And now it gets to sell all of those chips and more. Without a clear plaintiff, the courts may never weigh in, and that leaves the deal floating in a constitutional limbo, untested, unchallenged, and potentially precedent setting.

两党议员都对此发出了警告。共和党众议员约翰·穆勒纳尔(John Moolenaar)警告称,这项协议鼓励政府用战略克制换取短期收入。民主党众议员拉贾·克里希纳莫蒂(Raja Krishnamoorthi)称之为向盟友和对手发出的危险信号,表明美国的原则现在可以谈判。

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Lawmakers from both parties have sounded the alarm about this. Republican representative John Mulinar warned that the deal incentivizes the government to trade strategic restraint for short-term revenue. Democrat Raja Krishna Morti called it a dangerous signal to allies and adversaries alike that American principles are now negotiable.

这项协议开创的先例令人不寒而栗。如果出口管制可以货币化,接下来会发生什么?公司是否可以通过支付费用向敌对国家出售武器?也许对芬太尼征收高额关税就能使其合法化。这种逻辑是滑坡谬误,其后果不堪设想。

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The precedent that this deal sets is quite chilling. If export controls can be monetized, what's next? Could a fee be paid so companies could sell weapons to enemy countries? Maybe a high duty on fentinel would make that okay. The logic is slippery and the slope is steep.

伯恩斯坦研究公司的史黛西·拉斯贡(Stacy Rasgon)写道,虽然这项协议对英伟达和AMD来说有意义,但现在你是否可以仅仅通过花钱来摆脱国家安全限制?显然,答案是肯定的,代价是15%的收入,或者政府预算的两个半小时。

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Stacy Ragson at Bernstein Research wrote that while the deal makes sense for Nvidia and AMD, can you now just buy your way out of national security? Apparently, the answer is yes for 15% of revenues or 2 1/2 hours of the government budget.

“付费游戏”与行政干预:美国资本主义的新操作系统

如果法律基础摇摇欲坠,那么战略依据就更具争议性,特别是在国家安全被认为是出口禁令的理由时。出口管制曾是美国战略的防火墙,一道将可销售与不可销售产品区分开来的二元大门。如果一项技术构成国家安全风险,它就不能离开美国。没有例外,没有谈判,没有收入分享协议。但英伟达和AMD的这项协议引入了第三种类别:如果价格合适,就“足够安全”。结果是一种交易型模式,将国家安全变成了可谈判的资产。

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If the legal footing is shaky, the strategic rationale is even more contested, especially when national security is the supposed justification for export bans. Export controls were once the firewall of American strategy, a binary gate that separated what could be sold from what couldn't. If a technology posed a national security risk, it simply couldn't leave the country. No exceptions, no negotiations, no revenue sharing agreements. But this deal with Nvidia and AMD has introduced a third category, safe enough if the price is right. The result is a transactional model that turns national security into a negotiable asset.

在特朗普执政下的华盛顿,更广泛的政府不再是治理者,而是反应者。英伟达的协议没有经过出口管制或国家安全审查的常规渠道进行审查。它是在椭圆形办公室中斡旋达成的,绕过了工业和安全局(Bureau of Industry and Security: 美国商务部下属机构,负责实施出口管制政策)并完全排挤了国会。这并非通过程序进行治理,而是通过握手进行治理。这也不是第一次发生这种情况。

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In Trump's Washington, the broader government no longer governs. It reacts. The Nvidia deal wasn't vetted through the usual channels of export control or national security review. It was brokered in the Oval Office, bypassing the Bureau of Industry and Security and sidelining Congress entirely. This isn't governance by process, it's governance by handshake. And it's not the first time that this has happened.

今年早些时候,日本制铁(Nippon Steel: 日本最大的钢铁制造商之一)的收购案获得批准,但前提是特朗普亲自谈判达成了一项“黄金股”(Golden Share: 指政府或特定股东持有公司的一股特殊股份,赋予其对公司某些重大决策的否决权)安排,赋予美国总统对公司决策的否决权。英特尔(Intel: 一家全球领先的半导体公司,主要生产计算机处理器和芯片组)的首席执行官曾被特朗普公开斥责,随后又私下获得“救赎”。苹果通过承诺投资和一块镀金牌匾避开了税收。这种模式非常清晰:政策结果不取决于分析和审议,而取决于行政自由裁量权。特朗普不仅仅是在绕过系统,他正在用“忠诚度测试”取而代之。

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The Nippon Steel acquisition was approved earlier this year only after Trump personally negotiated a golden share arrangement granting the US president veto power over corporate decisions. Intel CEO was publicly rebuked by Trump and then privately redeemed. Apple dodged taxes with an investment pledged and a gold-plated plaque. The pattern is quite clear. Policy outcomes hinge not on analysis and deliberation, but on executive discretion. Trump isn't just bypassing the system. He's replacing it with a loyalty test.

这种治理方式可能适用于像英伟达这样的大公司,但对经济的其他部分又如何呢?特朗普仓促安排并不断调整的关税制度,已经创建了一个双层体系:一层是拥有数十亿美元资金并能直接进入椭圆形办公室的市值巨头公司,另一层是美国其他企业。虽然最大的企业可以在白宫获得会面并游说以争取有利结果,但小企业却不得不承担贸易战的全部成本,没有豁免,也无法寻求补救。这很重要,因为创新通常不来自最大的企业,它源于挑战现状的初创公司和企业。当政策奖励现有企业并惩罚新进入者时,结果不仅是低效率,更是经济停滞。

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This style of governance may work for huge companies like Nvidia, but what about the rest of the economy? Trump's hastily arranged and constantly adjusted tariff regime has created a two-tier system. one for mega cap companies with billion-dollar war chests and direct access to the Oval Office and another for the rest of American businesses. While the biggest businesses can secure meetings at the White House and lobby for favorable outcomes, small businesses are left absorbing the full cost of the trade war with no exemptions and no recourse. This matters as innovation doesn't typically come from the biggest businesses. It bubbles up from startups and firms that are challenging the status quo. When policy rewards incumbents and punishes newcomers, the result isn't just inefficiency, it's economic stagnation.

美国经济长期以来一直依靠竞争、创造力以及小公司颠覆巨头的能力而繁荣发展。但在一个“付费游戏”的经济中,关系开始比生产力更重要。赢家是那些有能力游说的人,而输家是那些无法在谈判桌上获得一席之地的人。这种成本不仅仅由小企业承担,它由每一个公民支付,因为在一个旧关系比新思想更重要的经济中,他们承受着较低的经济增长。

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The US economy has long thrived on competition, creativity, and the ability of small firms to disrupt giants. But in a pay-to-play economy, relationships start to matter more than productivity. The winners are those who can afford to lobby and the losers are those who can't afford a seat at the table. This cost isn't just borne by the small businesses. It's paid for by every citizen who suffers lower economic growth in an economy where old connections matter more than new ideas.

中国视角与地缘战略:稀土、推理芯片与监控担忧

这场争论的核心芯片——英伟达的H20——并非过时产品。尽管特朗普声称如此,它不足以训练大型语言AI模型,但它却是市场上用于推理(Inference: 人工智能模型的操作阶段,指已训练好的模型被部署以生成答案、做出预测和执行计算)的最佳芯片之一,推理是AI的操作阶段,训练好的模型在此阶段被部署以生成答案、做出预测和执行计算。

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The chip at the center of this debate, Nvidia's H20, is not obsolete. Despite Trump's claims, it's not powerful enough to train large language AI models, but it is one of the best chips in the market for inference, the operational phase of AI, where trained models are deployed to generate answers, make predictions, and do calculations.

事实上,H20在推理方面比英伟达的H100(Nvidia H100: 英伟达推出的一款高性能AI加速器,主要用于训练大型AI模型)快20%,更重要的是,它远比中国公司提供的任何产品都更强大。以15%的加价获得这些芯片对中国来说是巨大的胜利,特别是当特朗普声称将对美国芯片进口征收100%关税时。

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The H20 is in fact 20% faster than Nvidia's band H100 at inference and importantly is far more capable than anything available from Chinese firms. Getting access to these chips at a 15% markup is a huge win for China, especially when Trump says that he'll put a 100% tariff on American chip imports.

获得推理芯片对中国AI公司来说非常重要,因为推理最近已成为AI公司的战略瓶颈。训练占据了所有头条新闻,包括数十亿美元的数据中心、大规模计算运行,但推理才是随着时间推移消耗大部分能源成本和芯片的地方。随着推理模型成为常态,对推理的需求已急剧飙升。

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Getting access to inference chips matters a lot for Chinese AI companies as inference has recently become the strategic bottleneck for AI companies. Training gets all the headlines. Billiondoll data centers, massive compute runs, but inference is where most of the energy cost and chips are consumed over time. And as reasoning models become the norm, inference demands have skyrocketed.

这些模型不仅仅是吐出一个问题的答案,它们会暂停、模拟和选择。你看到的这种暂停就是计算。而这种计算需要大量的芯片并消耗大量的电力。尽管面临硬件限制,中国的AI实验室已经设法训练出了前沿模型,但将这些模型服务于用户却被证明要困难得多。例如,月之暗面(Moonshot AI: 一家中国的人工智能公司,专注于开发大型语言模型)的Kimi K2模型(Moonshot Kimmy K2: 月之暗面公司推出的一款大型语言模型)在中国和西方都曾大张旗鼓地发布,但几天之内,它就不得不因为推理速度过慢而在网上向用户道歉,这很可能是由于缺乏像H20这样的推理芯片所致。

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These models don't just spew out an answer to a question. They pause, simulate, and select. And that pause that you see is compute. And that compute requires a lot of chips and consumes a lot of power. China's AI labs have managed to train frontier models despite hardware restrictions, but serving those models to users has proven a lot more difficult. Moonshot's Kimmy K2 model, for example, launched to great fanfare both in China and the West. But within days, it was having to apologize online to users because it was so slow at inference, likely driven by a lack of inference chips like the H20.

中国在这方面确实有一个隐藏的优势:廉价且充足的能源。与西方不同,西方的数据中心扩张常常受到电网容量和许可延迟的限制,而中国的国家支持基础设施允许AI公司以最小的摩擦接入并扩大规模。推理是能源密集型的,中国在结构上比世界上几乎任何其他国家都更有能力承担这一成本。特朗普在H20出口上的逆转可能解除了中国的推理瓶颈,但它也解除了另一件事:战略模糊性。

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China does have a hidden advantage on this front. Cheap and abundant energy. Unlike in the West, where data center expansion is often constrained by grid capacity and permitting delays, China's statebacked infrastructure allows AI firms to plug in and scale up with minimal friction. Inference is energyintensive and China is structurally better positioned to absorb that cost than almost any other country in the world. Trump's reversal on H20 exports may unlock China's inference bottleneck, but it also unlocks something else. Strategic ambiguity.

H20芯片虽然具有商业价值,但也可能带有遥测功能(Telemetry Features: 指远程收集和传输数据的功能,如温度、功耗、使用情况等),包括温度、功耗、使用和利用率的数据。这在理论上可以被重新用于地理位置追踪。拟议中的《芯片安全法案》将强制要求这种追踪,以防止走私和未经授权的使用。在一个高度互联的时代,追踪与监视之间的界限很模糊。

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The H20 chip, while commercially valuable, may also carry telemetry features, data on temperature, power, usage, and utilization. This could theoretically be repurposed for geoloccation tracking. The proposed Chip security act would mandate this type of tracking to prevent smuggling and unauthorized use. In an era of hyperconivity, the line between tracking and surveillance is thin.

不仅仅是华盛顿对这项协议感到不安。北京也已对美国设计的芯片展开了自己的调查,要求像阿里巴巴(Alibaba: 一家中国大型的电子商务和科技公司)和字节跳动(ByteDance: 一家中国科技公司,以其短视频平台TikTok而闻名)这样的科技巨头证明任何购买的合理性,并解释为何不使用中国制造的替代品。人们担心英伟达的芯片可能包含“后门”(Backdoors: 指在计算机系统、加密算法或产品中,允许未经授权的访问或绕过正常安全机制的秘密方法)、潜在漏洞或远程访问功能,从而危及中国的安全。英伟达否认存在类似情况,但这种怀疑反映了一个更广泛的事实:在现代世界中,即使是商用硬件也具有间谍能力(Spying Capabilities: 指设备或系统能够秘密收集并传输信息的能力)。

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It's not just Washington that's uneasy about this deal. Beijing has launched its own investigation into American design chips, demanding that tech giants like Alibaba and Bite Dance justify any purchases and explain why they aren't using Chinese-made alternatives. The concern that Nvidia's chips might contain back doors, latent vulnerabilities, or remote access features that could compromise Chinese security. Nvidia denies that anything like this exists, but the suspicion reflects a broader truth. In the modern world, even commercial hardware has spying capabilities.

中国政府的担忧并非牵强附会。美国长期以来一直担心中国技术带来的类似风险,特别是在5G网络方面,华盛顿在针对外国的硬件中嵌入监控工具也并非没有先例。2021年,联邦调查局(FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation: 美国司法部的主要调查机构,负责调查联邦犯罪)利用ANOM(ANOM: 一款被宣传为安全的加密手机,实际上是FBI设计用于监控犯罪网络的工具)进行了一项全球钓鱼执法行动,ANOM是一款据称安全的加密手机,出售给世界各地的犯罪网络。用户不知道的是,这些据称安全的设备正在将其信息直接传输给美国执法部门。该平台是一个被宣传为增强隐私,但实际上是为监控而设计的“特洛伊木马”(Trojan Horse: 指伪装成合法或无害的软件,但实际上包含恶意代码,用于未经授权的访问或破坏)。

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The Chinese government's concern isn't that far-fetched. The US has long worried about similar risks from Chinese technology, especially in 5G networks, and it wouldn't be unprecedented for Washington to embed surveillance tools in foreign targeted hardware. In 2021, the FBI ran a global sting operation using a NOM, a supposedly secure encrypted phone sold to criminal networks around the world. What users didn't know was that the supposedly secure devices were transmitting their messages directly to US law enforcement. The platform was a Trojan horse marketed as privacy enhanced but engineered for surveillance.

因此,当北京担心使用专门为中国市场设计的芯片时,这并非偏执,而是一种合理的担忧。特朗普的辩护者认为,对中国和AI芯片采取“接触以限制”的策略是合理的。他们认为,如果美国销售的降级芯片优于当地生产的芯片,这将使中国依赖美国技术。但历史表明,这种策略效果不佳,因为中国有翻新和优化有限硬件以用于军事级应用的先例。而H20并非那么受限。

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So when Beijing worries about using a chip that was designed specifically for the Chinese market, it's not paranoia, it's a reasonable fear. Trump's defenders argue that it makes sense to follow an engage to constrain strategy with China and AI chips. If the US sells downgraded chips that are better than the locally produced ones, this they argue will keep China dependent on US technology. But history suggests that this type of strategy doesn't work very well as China has a history of refurbishing and optimizing even limited hardware for militarygrade applications. And the H20 is not that limited.

特朗普的协议向盟友发出了一个令人不安的信号,他们现在看到美国给国家安全贴上了价格标签。如果华盛顿可以为了20亿美元放弃自己的限制,为什么他们不能做同样的事情呢?这不仅仅是政策转变,更是一场信誉危机。尽管芯片可能正在流通,但促成它们的流程引发了关于决策如何制定以及由谁制定的更深层次问题。

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Trump's deal sends a troubling signal to allies who now see the US putting a price tag on national security. If Washington can wave its own restrictions for $2 billion, why shouldn't they do the same thing? This isn't just a policy shift. It's a credibility crisis. And while the chips may be flowing, the process that enabled them raises deeper questions about how decisions are made and who's making them.

中国几十年来一直在操纵贸易,但并非通过推特或关税。然而,其战略是长期的、结构性的,并且是悄然强制性的。中国的目标不是赢得每一场战役,而是赢得整场战争。作为一个出口导向型经济体,中国在任何贸易冲突中都比美国处于弱势得多。它需要美国人购买中国产品。另一方面,美国人不需要过度消费。然而,尽管存在这种不对称性,中国已经发展出了一系列经济武器,其中最强大的莫过于其对稀土材料(Rare Earth Materials: 一组具有独特磁性、发光和电化学性质的17种化学元素,广泛应用于高科技产品中)的掌控。

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China has been manipulating trade for decades. Not with tweets or tariffs. However, its strategy is long-term structural and quietly coercive. China's goal isn't to win every battle. It's to win the war. As an export-driven economy, China is in a much weaker position than the United States in any trade conflict. It needs Americans to buy Chinese production. Americans, on the other hand, don't need to overconume. Yet, despite this asymmetry, China has developed an arsenal of economic weapons with none more potent than its grip on rare earth materials.

稀土实际上并不稀有,但中国通过以极低的价格出售它们来主导其生产,以至于其他国家甚至不屑于竞争。这是一种建立在规模、精炼、效率和环境容忍度而非稀缺性之上的“隐形垄断”(Quiet Monopoly: 指在市场中通过非传统手段,如低价倾销、规模优势等,形成的事实上的垄断地位)。当中国在4月份切断出口时,福特(Ford: 一家美国跨国汽车制造商)不得不暂停芝加哥的一条生产线。印度和日本的汽车制造商也削减了产量,欧盟则匆忙进行谈判。恐慌是真实的,中国的杠杆作用奏效了。这与特朗普的做法形成了鲜明对比。

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Rare Earths aren't actually very rare, but China dominates their production by selling them so cheaply that no other country even bothers to compete. It's a quiet monopoly built not on scarcity, but on scale, refinement, efficiency, and environmental tolerance. When China choked off exports in April, Ford had to halt a factory line in Chicago. Car makers in India and Japan curtailed production too and the EU scrambled to negotiate. The panic was real and China's leverage worked. The contrast with Trump's approach is striking.

特朗普没有像中国那样通过削价来打击竞争对手,而是提高了芯片出口价格,对准入收取溢价。结果是,向中国发出了一个市场信号,鼓励他们制造自己的芯片。中国利用价格巩固主导地位,而特朗普则利用价格激化竞争。

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Instead of undercutting rivals like China does, he marked up chip exports, charging a premium for access. The result, a market signal to China to build their own chips. Where China uses price to entrench dominance, Trump uses price to provoke competition.

新模式的深远影响:美国全球领导地位的未来

唐纳德·特朗普(Donald Trump: 美国前总统)的支持者通常认为他是一位亲商的共和党人,一位传统保守派和放松管制的倡导者。但他的第二任期经济干预却讲述了一个截然不同的故事。从美国钢铁公司的黄金股协议到与英伟达的收入分享协议,特朗普一再将行政部门插入私营企业,并非为了放松管制,而是为了直接指导行动。这些举动与里根时代有限政府和自由市场自治的模式截然不同。虽然它们不等于国有化,但确实与那些以更强硬手段治理的领导人风格相呼应。这就是为什么许多人将特朗普与乌戈·查韦斯(Hugo Chavez: 委内瑞拉前总统,以其社会主义政策和对国家经济的强力干预而闻名)等人物进行比较,这并非道德判断,而是一种结构性观察。

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Donald Trump is often seen by his supporters as a pro business Republican, a traditional conservative and a champion of deregulation. But his second term economic interventions tell a very different story. From the golden share in US deal to the revenue sharing deal with Nvidia, Trump has repeatedly inserted the executive branch into private enterprise, not to deregulate but to direct action. These moves diverge sharply from the Reaganite model of limited government and free market autonomy. And while they don't amount to nationalization, they do echo the style of leaders who governed with a much heavier hand. That's why so many people are comparing Trump to figures like Hugo Chavez, not as a moral judgment, but as a structural observation.

像查韦斯一样,特朗普表现出偏爱个人谈判而非制度程序,偏爱忠诚而非市场逻辑。查韦斯利用社会主义来证明行政控制的合理性,而特朗普则利用民族主义。两人都与他们的支持基础建立了直接关系,绕过传统媒体渠道,并将自己塑造成人民意愿的唯一解释者。特朗普的干预可能更轻微,其背景也受限得多,但这种模式是熟悉的:一位民粹主义总统利用行政权力塑造私营部门以服务于自己的目标。这与保守主义正统观念、制度规范以及美国政府应制定规则但不选择赢家的理念大相径庭。

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Like Chavez, Trump has shown a preference for personal negotiation over institutional process and for loyalty over market logic. Chavez used socialism to justify executive control. Trump uses nationalism. Both cultivated direct relationships with their support base, bypass traditional media channels, and cast themselves as the sole interpreters of the people's will. Trump's interventions may be lighter and his context far more constrained, but the pattern is familiar. A populist president using executive power to shape the private sector in service of his own goals. This is a huge departure from conservative orthodoxy, from institutional norms and from the American idea that governments should set the rules but not pick the winners.

英伟达的协议绝非例外。它只是总统干预私营企业长长清单中的一部分。从特朗普在美国钢铁公司的黄金股,到他呼吁英特尔首席执行官辞职,再到他离奇地宣布,在自己的鼓励下,可口可乐(Coca-Cola: 一家全球知名的饮料公司,以其同名可乐产品而闻名)将在其美国生产中从使用高果糖玉米糖浆转向蔗糖。

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The Nvidia deal is by no means an outlier. It's part of a long list of presidential interventions in private businesses. From Trump's golden share in US Steel to his call for Intel CEO to step down to his bizarre announcement that Coca-Cola would be switching from using high fructose corn syrup to cane sugar in its US production after his encouragement.

这些例子都共享一个共同点:行政干预。并非以监管的形式,而是以谈判的形式。特朗普不是在制定规则,而是在达成交易。这些交易并非基于任何宏大战略,而是基于总统的突发奇想。美国钢铁公司的黄金股尤其说明问题。它反映了美国长期以来批评中国所使用的机制:通过少数股权和否决权进行国家控制。根据贸易法,美国将拥有黄金股的外国公司视为公共机构。现在,按照自己的定义,它也创造了一个自己的公共机构。

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Each of these examples shares a common thread, executive interference. Not in the form of regulation, but in the form of negotiation. Trump isn't setting rules, he's cutting deals. And the deals aren't based on any grand strategy. They're based on the whims of the president. The golden share in US deal is especially telling. It mirrors the very mechanisms the US has long criticized in China. State control through minority stakes and veto rights. Under trade law, the US treats foreign firms with golden shares as public bodies. Now, by its own definition, it's created one of its own.

英伟达的协议可能史无前例,但它可能不会是最后一个。财政部长斯科特·巴桑德已经提出了将类似的收入分享安排推广到其他行业的想法。最初的一次性芯片协议可能成为一个模板,一种新的“行政资本主义”(Executive Capitalism: 指行政部门通过直接干预和交易而非传统立法或监管来塑造经济活动和市场结果的模式)模式,其中出口准入被货币化,国家安全变得可以谈判。如果这种模式扩展到生物技术、航空航天或能源领域,其影响将是深远。

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The Nvidia deal may be without precedent, but it may not be the last of its kind. Treasury Secretary Scott Bassand has already floated the idea of rolling out similar revenue sharing arrangements to other industries. What began as a one-off chip deal could become a template, a new model of executive capitalism where export access is monetized and national security becomes negotiable. If this model expands to biotech, aerospace, or energy, the implications are profound.

美国的全球领导地位长期以来建立在原则之上:法治、制度程序和战略连贯性。这种新模式有可能用总统谈判达成的价格标签取代这三者。

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America's global leadership has long rested on principles: rule of law, institutional process, and strategic coherence. This new model risks replacing all three with a presidentially negotiated price tag.

特朗普的辩护者将这项协议誉为“妙招”,一种将影响力货币化并智胜中国的方式。但即使是他们也必须问:代价是什么?当下一任总统(特朗普的支持者可能不喜欢)想要更大的分成时,或者当外国政府以自己的行政收费进行报复时,又会发生什么?如果你觉得这个视频有趣,接下来你应该观看这个视频。别忘了使用视频描述中的链接查看我们的赞助商Ground News。祝你有个美好的一天,我们下个视频再见。

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Trump's defenders hailed the deal as a master stroke, a way to monetize leverage and outmaneuver China. But even they must ask at what cost? And what happens when the next president, who Trump supporters may not like, wants a bigger cut, or when foreign governments retaliate with their own executive tolls? If you found this video interesting, you should watch this one next. Don't forget to check out our sponsor, Ground News, using the link in the video description. Have a great day and talk to you in the next video. Bye.